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In this paper we show how to use one or more assembled or partially assembled genome as the basis for a compressed full-text index of its readset. Specifically, we build a labelled tree by taking the assembled genome as a trunk and grafting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Travis Gagie , Garance Gourdel , Giovanni Manzini

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a string transformation technique widely used in areas such as bioinformatics and file compression. Many applications combine a run-length encoding (RLE) with the BWT in a way which preserves the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Lily Major , Amanda Clare , Jacqueline W. Daykin , Benjamin Mora , Christine Zarges

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) has been an essential tool in text compression and indexing. First introduced in 1994, it went on to provide the backbone for the first encoding of the classic suffix tree data structure in space close to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Jason Bentley , Daniel Gibney , Sharma V. Thankachan

The Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT) is an invertible permutation of a text known to be highly compressible but also useful for sequence analysis, what makes the BWT highly attractive for lossless data compression. In this paper, we present…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-06 Uwe Baier

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is a well studied text transformation widely used in data compression and text indexing. The BWT of two strings can also provide similarity measures between them, based on the observation that the more…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Felipe A. Louza , Guilherme P. Telles , Simon Gog , Liang Zhao

In this paper we propose a flexible and lightweight technique for merging compressed indices based on variants of Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), thus addressing the need for algorithms that compute compressed indices over large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Lavinia Egidi , Giovanni Manzini

While short read aligners, which predominantly use the FM-index, are able to easily index one or a few human genomes, they do not scale well to indexing databases containing thousands of genomes. To understand why, it helps to examine the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Alan Kuhnle , Taher Mun , Christina Boucher , Travis Gagie , Ben Langmead , Giovanni Manzini

The Positional Burrows--Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is a data structure designed for efficiently representing and querying large collections of sequences, such as haplotype panels in genomics. Forward and backward stepping operations --…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Paola Bonizzoni , Davide Cozzi , Younan Gao

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a word transformation introduced in 1994 for Data Compression. It has become a fundamental tool for designing self-indexing data structures, with important applications in several area in science and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Raffaele Giancarlo , Giovanni Manzini , Antonio Restivo , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

Indexing of very large collections of strings such as those produced by the widespread sequencing technologies, heavily relies on multi-string generalizations of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), and for this problem various in-memory…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-07-29 Paola Bonizzoni , Gianluca Della Vedova , Serena Nicosia , Marco Previtali , Raffaella Rizzi

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is used by the bzip2 family of compressors. In this paper, we present a hardware architecture that implements an inplace algorithm to compute the BWT. Our design does not have explicit storage for the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-07 Kleber Stangherlin , Andrew Kennings

In recent years, the focus of bioinformatics research has moved from individual sequences to collections of sequences. Given the fundamental role of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) in string processing, a number of dedicated tools have…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Davide Cenzato , Zsuzsanna Lipták

Constructing the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) for long strings poses significant challenges regarding construction time and memory usage. We use a prefix of the suffix array to partition a long string into shorter substrings, thereby…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Enno Adler , Stefan Böttcher , Rita Hartel

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) of a string is an invertible permutation of the string, which can be used for data compression and compact indexes for string pattern matching. Ganguly et al. [SODA, 2017] introduced the parameterized BWT…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Shogen Kawanami , Kento Iseri , Tomohiro I

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is a permutation whose applications are prevalent in data compression and text indexing. The bijective BWT (BBWT) is a bijective variant of it. Although it is known that the BWT can be constructed in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Hideo Bannai , Juha Kärkkäinen , Dominik Köppl , Marcin Picatkowski

The boom of genomic sequencing makes compression of set of sequences inescapable. This underlies the need for multi-string indexing data structures that helps compressing the data. The most prominent example of such data structures is the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Bastien Cazaux , Eric Rivals

The positional Burrows-Wheeler Transform (PBWT) is commonly used to store haplotype panels compactly in such a way that, given a query haplotype, we can quickly find the set maximal exact matches (SMEMs) between the query and the haplotypes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Travis Gagie

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform is a string transformation that plays a fundamental role for the design of self-indexing compressed data structures. Over the years, researchers have successfully extended this transformation outside the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Raffaele Giancarlo , Giovanni Manzini , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

Highly-repetitive collections of strings are increasingly being amassed by genome sequencing and genetic variation experiments, as well as by storing all versions of human-generated files, like webpages and source code. Existing indexes for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-22 Djamal Belazzougui , Fabio Cunial , Travis Gagie , Nicola Prezza , Mathieu Raffinot

We propose algorithms that, given the input string of length $n$ over integer alphabet of size $\sigma$, construct the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), the permuted longest-common-prefix (PLCP) array, and the LZ77 parsing in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Dominik Kempa