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Learning multi-lingual sentence embeddings is a fundamental task in natural language processing. Recent trends in learning both mono-lingual and multi-lingual sentence embeddings are mainly based on contrastive learning (CL) among an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Kaiyan Zhao , Qiyu Wu , Xin-Qiang Cai , Yoshimasa Tsuruoka

Contrastive learning has been the dominant approach to train state-of-the-art sentence embeddings. Previous studies have typically learned sentence embeddings either through the use of human-annotated natural language inference (NLI) data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Junlei Zhang , Zhenzhong Lan , Junxian He

Pretrained multilingual language models (LMs) can be successfully transformed into multilingual sentence encoders (SEs; e.g., LaBSE, xMPNet) via additional fine-tuning or model distillation with parallel data. However, it remains unclear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ivan Vulić , Goran Glavaš , Fangyu Liu , Nigel Collier , Edoardo Maria Ponti , Anna Korhonen

We present EASE, a novel method for learning sentence embeddings via contrastive learning between sentences and their related entities. The advantage of using entity supervision is twofold: (1) entities have been shown to be a strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Sosuke Nishikawa , Ryokan Ri , Ikuya Yamada , Yoshimasa Tsuruoka , Isao Echizen

For English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, code-switching (CSW), or alternating between their native language and the target language (English), can lower anxiety and ease communication barriers. Large language models (LLMs), with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Junyeong Park , Jieun Han , Yeon Su Park , Youngbin Lee , Suin Kim , Juho Kim , Alice Oh , So-Yeon Ahn

Code-switching (CS), a ubiquitous phenomenon due to the ease of communication it offers in multilingual communities still remains an understudied problem in language processing. The primary reasons behind this are: (1) minimal efforts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Parul Chopra , Sai Krishna Rallabandi , Alan W Black , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu

Learning semantically meaningful sentence embeddings is an open problem in natural language processing. In this work, we propose a sentence embedding learning approach that exploits both visual and textual information via a multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Miaoran Zhang , Marius Mosbach , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Michael A. Hedderich , Dietrich Klakow

Contrast-Consistent Search (CCS) is an unsupervised probing method able to test whether large language models represent binary features, such as sentence truth, in their internal activations. While CCS has shown promise, its two-term…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Stefan F. Schouten , Peter Bloem

Code-switching deals with alternative languages in communication process. Training end-to-end (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems for code-switching is especially challenging as code-switching training data are always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Shuai Zhang , Jiangyan Yi , Zhengkun Tian , Jianhua Tao , Yu Ting Yeung , Liqun Deng

This paper proposes a modularized sense induction and representation learning model that jointly learns bilingual sense embeddings that align well in the vector space, where the cross-lingual signal in the English-Chinese parallel corpus is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Ta-Chung Chi , Yun-Nung Chen

Linguistic Code Switching (CS) is a phenomenon that occurs when multilingual speakers alternate between two or more languages/dialects within a single conversation. Processing CS data is especially challenging in intra-sentential data given…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Fahad AlGhamdi , Mona Diab

This paper improves contrastive learning for sentence embeddings from two perspectives: handling dropout noise and addressing feature corruption. Specifically, for the first perspective, we identify that the dropout noise from negative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Jiahao Xu , Wei Shao , Lihui Chen , Lemao Liu

Contrastive Learning (CL) performances as a rising approach to address the challenge of sparse and noisy recommendation data. Although having achieved promising results, most existing CL methods only perform either hand-crafted data or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Xiuyuan Qin , Huanhuan Yuan , Pengpeng Zhao , Junhua Fang , Fuzhen Zhuang , Guanfeng Liu , Victor Sheng

Code switching (CS) refers to the phenomenon of interchangeably using words and phrases from different languages. CS can pose significant accuracy challenges to NLP, due to the often monolingual nature of the underlying systems. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Orion Weller , Matthias Sperber , Telmo Pires , Hendra Setiawan , Christian Gollan , Dominic Telaar , Matthias Paulik

Existing multilingual embedding models often encounter challenges in cross-lingual scenarios due to imbalanced linguistic resources and less consideration of cross-lingual alignment during training. Although standardized contrastive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Seungyoon Lee , Minhyuk Kim , Seongtae Hong , Youngjoon Jang , Dongsuk Oh , Heuiseok Lim

Code-switching (CSW) text generation has been receiving increasing attention as a solution to address data scarcity. In light of this growing interest, we need more comprehensive studies comparing different augmentation approaches. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Injy Hamed , Nizar Habash , Ngoc Thang Vu

Pretrained language models for code token embeddings are used in code search, code clone detection, and other code-related tasks. Similarly, code function embeddings are useful in such tasks. However, there are no out-of-box models for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Anthony Varkey , Siyuan Jiang , Weijing Huang

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP). However, generating high-quality text that balances coherence, diversity, and relevance remains challenging. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Jaydip Sen , Rohit Pandey , Hetvi Waghela

Contrastive self-supervised learning (SSL) learns an embedding space that maps similar data pairs closer and dissimilar data pairs farther apart. Despite its success, one issue has been overlooked: the fairness aspect of representations…

Multilingual sentence encoders (MSEs) are commonly obtained by training multilingual language models to map sentences from different languages into a shared semantic space. As such, they are subject to curse of multilinguality, a loss of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yongxin Huang , Kexin Wang , Goran Glavaš , Iryna Gurevych