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Breast cancer (BC) stands as one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide, necessitating advancements in diagnostic methodologies for better clinical outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Samita Bai , Sidra Nasir , Rizwan Ahmed Khan , Alexandre Meyer , Hubert Konik

This paper quantifies the quality of heatmap-based eXplainable AI (XAI) methods w.r.t image classification problem. Here, a heatmap is considered desirable if it improves the probability of predicting the correct classes. Different XAI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Erico Tjoa , Hong Jing Khok , Tushar Chouhan , Guan Cuntai

Explainable AI (XAI) methods focus on explaining what a neural network has learned - in other words, identifying the features that are the most influential to the prediction. In this paper, we call them "distinguishing features". However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Kaili Wang , Jose Oramas , Tinne Tuytelaars

Current models on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) have shown an evident and quantified lack of reliability for measuring feature-relevance when statistically entangled features are proposed for training deep classifiers. There has…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-27 Juan Manuel Mayor-Torres , Sara Medina-DeVilliers , Tessa Clarkson , Matthew D. Lerner , Giuseppe Riccardi

In recent years, AI systems in the medical domain have advanced significantly. However, despite outperforming humans, they are rarely used in practice since it is often not clear how they make their decisions. Optimal explanation and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Julia Wagner , Tim Schlippe

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has become increasingly important in biomedical image analysis to promote transparency, trust, and clinical adoption of DL models. While several surveys have reviewed XAI techniques, they often lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Getamesay Haile Dagnaw , Yanming Zhu , Muhammad Hassan Maqsood , Wencheng Yang , Xingshuai Dong , Xuefei Yin , Alan Wee-Chung Liew

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has continued to achieve tremendous success in recent times. However, the decision logic of these frameworks is often not transparent, making it difficult for stakeholders to understand, interpret or explain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Fuseini Mumuni , Alhassan Mumuni

Explainability is a vital aspect of modern AI for real-world impact and usability. The main objective of this paper is to emphasise the need to understand the predictions of Computer Vision models, specifically Convolutional Neural Network…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ravidu Suien Rammuni Silva , Jordan J. Bird

This study investigates the effectiveness of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques in predicting suicide risks and identifying the dominant causes for such behaviours. Data augmentation techniques and ML models are utilized…

Skin cancer is a serious worldwide health issue, precise and early detection is essential for better patient outcomes and effective treatment. In this research, we use modern deep learning methods and explainable artificial intelligence…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-19 Faysal Mahmud , Md. Mahin Mahfiz , Md. Zobayer Ibna Kabir , Yusha Abdullah

This paper presents an intelligent and transparent AI-driven system for Credit Risk Assessment using three state-of-the-art ensemble machine learning models combined with Explainable AI (XAI) techniques. The system leverages XGBoost,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Shreya , Harsh Pathak

Deep Learning has already been successfully applied to analyze industrial sensor data in a variety of relevant use cases. However, the opaque nature of many well-performing methods poses a major obstacle for real-world deployment.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Thomas Decker , Michael Lebacher , Volker Tresp

With the digitalization of health care systems, artificial intelligence becomes more present in medicine. Especially machine learning shows great potential for complex tasks such as time series classification, usually at the cost of…

More recently, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) research has shifted to focus on a more pragmatic or naturalistic account of understanding, that is, whether the stakeholders understand the explanation. This point is especially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Janet Hui-wen Hsiao , Hilary Hei Ting Ngai , Luyu Qiu , Yi Yang , Caleb Chen Cao

Explainable artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are increasingly being explored to provide insights into why AI and machine learning (ML) models provide a certain outcome in various applications. However, there has been limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Min Hun Lee , Yi Jing Choy

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have substantially improved dermatologists' diagnostic accuracy for melanoma, with explainable AI (XAI) systems further enhancing clinicians' confidence and trust in AI-driven decisions. Despite these…

Deep learning models have great potential in medical imaging, including orthodontics and skeletal maturity assessment. However, applying a model to data different from its training set can lead to unreliable predictions that may impact…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-15 Omid Halimi Milani , Amanda Nikho , Lauren Mills , Marouane Tliba , Ahmet Enis Cetin , Mohammed H. Elnagar

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods lack ground truth. In its place, method developers have relied on axioms to determine desirable properties for their explanations' behavior. For high stakes uses of machine learning that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Isha Hameed , Samuel Sharpe , Daniel Barcklow , Justin Au-Yeung , Sahil Verma , Jocelyn Huang , Brian Barr , C. Bayan Bruss

Recent brain tumor classification methods often report high accuracy but rely on deep, over-parameterized architectures with limited interpretability, making it difficult to determine whether predictions are driven by tumor-relevant…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Rajan Das Gupta , Md Imrul Hasan Showmick , Lei Wei , Mushfiqur Rahman Abir , Shanjida Akter , Md. Yeasin Rahat , Md. Jakir Hossen

Artificial intelligence methods are being increasingly applied across various domains, but their often opaque nature has raised concerns about accountability and trust. In response, the field of explainable AI (XAI) has emerged to address…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Ryan Zhou , Jaume Bacardit , Alexander Brownlee , Stefano Cagnoni , Martin Fyvie , Giovanni Iacca , John McCall , Niki van Stein , David Walker , Ting Hu