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With the rise of multimodal large language models (LLMs), audio codec plays an increasingly vital role in encoding audio into discrete tokens, enabling integration of audio into text-based LLMs. Current audio codec captures two types of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-29 Ruifan Deng , Yitian Gong , Qinghui Gao , Luozhijie Jin , Qinyuan Cheng , Zhaoye Fei , Shimin Li , Xipeng Qiu

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced audio processing through audio codecs that convert audio into discrete tokens, enabling the application of language modelling techniques to audio data. However, traditional codecs…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Haohe Liu , Xuenan Xu , Yi Yuan , Mengyue Wu , Wenwu Wang , Mark D. Plumbley

Neural audio codec tokens serve as the fundamental building blocks for speech language model (SLM)-based speech generation. However, there is no systematic understanding on how the codec system affects the speech generation performance of…

Neural audio codecs are initially introduced to compress audio data into compact codes to reduce transmission latency. Researchers recently discovered the potential of codecs as suitable tokenizers for converting continuous audio into…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-21 Haibin Wu , Xuanjun Chen , Yi-Cheng Lin , Kai-wei Chang , Ho-Lam Chung , Alexander H. Liu , Hung-yi Lee

In recent years, large language models have achieved significant success in generative tasks related to speech, audio, music, and other signal domains. A crucial element of these models is the discrete acoustic codecs, which serve as an…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-05 Shengpeng Ji , Minghui Fang , Jialong Zuo , Ziyue Jiang , Dingdong Wang , Hanting Wang , Hai Huang , Zhou Zhao

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been widely applied in speech and music. This tendency has led to a focus on audio tokenization for Large Models (LMs). Unlike semantic-only text tokens, audio tokens must both capture global…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Lu Wang , Hao Chen , Siyu Wu , Zhiyue Wu , Hao Zhou , Chengfeng Zhang , Ting Wang , Haodi Zhang

Speech tokenizers are essential for connecting speech to large language models (LLMs) in multimodal systems. These tokenizers are expected to preserve both semantic and acoustic information for downstream understanding and generation.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Xuan Shi , Chang Zeng , Tiantian Feng , Shih-Heng Wang , Jianbo Ma , Shrikanth Narayanan

Neural audio codecs form the foundational building blocks for language model (LM)-based speech generation. Typically, there is a trade-off between frame rate and audio quality. This study introduces a low-frame-rate, semantically enhanced…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jiaqi Li , Xiaolong Lin , Zhekai Li , Shixi Huang , Yuancheng Wang , Chaoren Wang , Zhenpeng Zhan , Zhizheng Wu

With recent rapid growth of large language models (LLMs), discrete speech tokenization has played an important role for injecting speech into LLMs. However, this discretization gives rise to a loss of information, consequently impairing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-23 Zhichao Huang , Chutong Meng , Tom Ko

Recent advancements in speech-language models have yielded significant improvements in speech tokenization and synthesis. However, effectively mapping the complex, multidimensional attributes of speech into discrete tokens remains…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced audio generation through discrete representation learning. However, most existing neural codecs focus on speech and emphasize reconstruction fidelity, overlooking unified low frame rate modeling…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jingbin Hu , Haoyu Zhang , Dake Guo , Qirui Zhan , Wenhao Li , Huakang Chen , Guobin Ma , Hanke Xie , Chengyou Wang , Pengyuan Xie , Chuan Xie , Qiang Zhang , Lei Xie

Speech codecs serve as bridges between speech signals and large language models. An ideal codec for speech language models should not only preserve acoustic information but also capture rich semantic information. However, existing speech…

The Large Language models (LLMs) have demonstrated supreme capabilities in text understanding and generation, but cannot be directly applied to cross-modal tasks without fine-tuning. This paper proposes a cross-modal in-context learning…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Dongchao Yang , Haohan Guo , Yuanyuan Wang , Rongjie Huang , Xiang Li , Xu Tan , Xixin Wu , Helen Meng

Code translation is a crucial activity in the software development and maintenance process, and researchers have recently begun to focus on using pre-trained large language models (LLMs) for code translation. However, existing LLMs only…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Minghua He , Yue Chen , Fangkai Yang , Pu Zhao , Wenjie Yin , Yu Kang , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang

Integrating audio comprehension and generation into large language models (LLMs) remains challenging due to the continuous nature of audio and the resulting high sampling rates. Here, we introduce a novel approach that combines Variational…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-31 Shivam Mehta , Nebojsa Jojic , Hannes Gamper

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) demonstrate impressive performance across diverse tasks, ranging from speech recognition to general audio understanding. However, their scalability is limited by the quadratic complexity of attention and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Saurabhchand Bhati , Samuel Thomas , Hilde Kuehne , Rogerio Feris , James Glass

Building upon advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), the field of audio processing has seen increased interest in training audio generation tasks with discrete audio token sequences. However, directly discretizing audio by neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-08 Wenrui Liu , Zhifang Guo , Jin Xu , Yuanjun Lv , Yunfei Chu , Zhou Zhao , Junyang Lin

With the emergence of neural audio codecs, which encode multiple streams of discrete tokens from audio, large language models have recently gained attention as a promising approach for zero-shot Text-to-Speech (TTS) synthesis. Despite the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-04 Jaehyeon Kim , Keon Lee , Seungjun Chung , Jaewoong Cho

Neural audio codecs are widely used as tokenizers for spoken language models, but they are optimized for waveform reconstruction rather than autoregressive prediction. This mismatch injects acoustically driven uncertainty into the discrete…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ho-Lam Chung , Yiming Chen , Hung-yi Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced audio processing by leveraging audio codecs to discretize audio into tokens, enabling the application of language modeling techniques to speech data. However, existing audio codecs…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-11 Edresson Casanova , Paarth Neekhara , Ryan Langman , Shehzeen Hussain , Subhankar Ghosh , Xuesong Yang , Ante Jukić , Jason Li , Boris Ginsburg
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