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Large Language Models' (LLMs) programming capabilities enable their participation in open-source games: a game-theoretic setting in which players submit computer programs in lieu of actions. These programs offer numerous advantages,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Swadesh Sistla , Max Kleiman-Weiner

Large pretrained models are showing increasingly better performance in reasoning and planning tasks across different modalities, opening the possibility to leverage them for complex sequential decision making problems. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Martin Klissarov , Devon Hjelm , Alexander Toshev , Bogdan Mazoure

The application of reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance the reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) constitutes a rapidly advancing research area. While MLLMs extend Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Guanghao Zhou , Panjia Qiu , Cen Chen , Jie Wang , Zheming Yang , Jian Xu , Minghui Qiu

Large language models (LLMs) excel in tasks like question answering and dialogue, but complex tasks requiring interaction, such as negotiation and persuasion, require additional long-horizon reasoning and planning. Reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Joey Hong , Anca Dragan , Sergey Levine

Foundation models, including large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs), have recently enabled novel approaches to robot autonomy and human-robot interfaces. In parallel, vision-language-action models (VLAs) or large…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional natural language understanding abilities and have excelled in a variety of natural language processing (NLP)tasks in recent years. Despite the fact that most LLMs are trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Xiang Zhang , Senyu Li , Bradley Hauer , Ning Shi , Grzegorz Kondrak

Governments are increasingly considering integrating autonomous AI agents in high-stakes military and foreign-policy decision-making, especially with the emergence of advanced generative AI models like GPT-4. Our work aims to scrutinize the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Juan-Pablo Rivera , Gabriel Mukobi , Anka Reuel , Max Lamparth , Chandler Smith , Jacquelyn Schneider

Playing games has a long history of describing intricate interactions in simplified forms. In this paper we explore if large language models (LLMs) can play games, investigating their capabilities for randomisation and strategic adaptation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Alicia Vidler , Toby Walsh

In an era defined by the explosive growth of data and rapid technological advancements, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) stand at the forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Designed to seamlessly integrate diverse data…

Game theory has long served as a foundational tool in cybersecurity to test, predict, and design strategic interactions between attackers and defenders. The recent advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers new tools and challenges for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daniele Proverbio , Alessio Buscemi , Alessandro Di Stefano , The Anh Han , German Castignani , Pietro Liò

As general-purpose tools, Large Language Models (LLMs) must often reason about everyday physical environments. In a question-and-answer capacity, understanding the interactions of physical objects may be necessary to give appropriate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Matteo G. Mecattaf , Ben Slater , Marko Tešić , Jonathan Prunty , Konstantinos Voudouris , Lucy G. Cheke

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are widely regarded as crucial in the exploration of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). The core of MLLMs lies in their capability to achieve cross-modal alignment. To attain this goal, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Fei Zhao , Taotian Pang , Chunhui Li , Zhen Wu , Junjie Guo , Shangyu Xing , Xinyu Dai

With the recent emergence of revolutionary autonomous agentic systems, research community is witnessing a significant shift from traditional static, passive, and domain-specific AI agents toward more dynamic, proactive, and generalizable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Huanjin Yao , Ruifei Zhang , Jiaxing Huang , Jingyi Zhang , Yibo Wang , Bo Fang , Ruolin Zhu , Yongcheng Jing , Shunyu Liu , Guanbin Li , Dacheng Tao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a range of text-generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with problems requiring multi-step decision-making and environmental feedback, such as online…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zhenfang Chen , Delin Chen , Rui Sun , Wenjun Liu , Chuang Gan

Recent large language models (LLMs) are promising for making decisions in grounded environments. However, LLMs frequently fail in complex decision-making tasks due to the misalignment between the pre-trained knowledge in LLMs and the actual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Siqi Ouyang , Lei Li

Existing efforts in building Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents largely rely on the training paradigm of supervised fine-tuning on Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, this approach not only demands extensive amounts of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Run Luo , Lu Wang , Wanwei He , Longze Chen , Jiaming Li , Xiaobo Xia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as a focal point of research and application, driven by their unprecedented ability to understand and generate text with human-like quality. Even more recently, LLMs have been extended into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Kilian Carolan , Laura Fennelly , Alan F. Smeaton

In the past few years, deep reinforcement learning has been proven to solve problems which have complex states like video games or board games. The next step of intelligent agents would be able to generalize between tasks, and using prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Shu-Hsuan Hsu , I-Chao Shen , Bing-Yu Chen

Recent years have seen an explosive increase in research on large language models (LLMs), and accompanying public engagement on the topic. While starting as a niche area within natural language processing, LLMs have shown remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Roberto Gallotta , Graham Todd , Marvin Zammit , Sam Earle , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Autonomous agents have long been a prominent research focus in both academic and industry communities. Previous research in this field often focuses on training agents with limited knowledge within isolated environments, which diverges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lei Wang , Chen Ma , Xueyang Feng , Zeyu Zhang , Hao Yang , Jingsen Zhang , Zhiyuan Chen , Jiakai Tang , Xu Chen , Yankai Lin , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhewei Wei , Ji-Rong Wen