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Outlier detection tasks have been playing a critical role in AI safety. There has been a great challenge to deal with this task. Observations show that deep neural network classifiers usually tend to incorrectly classify out-of-distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Jingyang Lin , Yu Wang , Qi Cai , Yingwei Pan , Ting Yao , Hongyang Chao , Tao Mei

One of the early weaknesses identified in deep neural networks trained for image classification tasks was their inability to provide low confidence predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) data that was significantly different from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Evelyn Mannix , Howard Bondell

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection remains a fundamental challenge for deep neural networks, particularly due to overconfident predictions on unseen OOD samples during testing. We reveal a key insight: OOD samples predicted as the same…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yanqi Wu , Qichao Chen , Runhe Lai , Xinhua Lu , Jia-Xin Zhuang , Zhilin Zhao , Wei-Shi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical to AI reliability and safety, yet in many practical settings, only a limited amount of training data is available. Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) are a promising class of model on which to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Kevin Raina , Tanya Schmah

This paper proposes a novel out-of-distribution (OOD) detection framework named MoodCat for image classifiers. MoodCat masks a random portion of the input image and uses a generative model to synthesize the masked image to a new image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Yijun Yang , Ruiyuan Gao , Qiang Xu

Contrastive representation learning has emerged as an outstanding approach for anomaly detection. In this work, we explore the $\ell_2$-norm of contrastive features and its applications in out-of-distribution detection. We propose a simple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Tai Le-Gia , Jaehyun Ahn

Generalized Zero-Shot Learning (GZSL) is a challenging topic that has promising prospects in many realistic scenarios. Using a gating mechanism that discriminates the unseen samples from the seen samples can decompose the GZSL problem to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Xingyu Chen , Xuguang Lan , Fuchun Sun , Nanning Zheng

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial part of deploying machine learning models safely. It has been extensively studied with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. This problem is tackled with an OOD score…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jingqiu Zhou , Aojun Zhou , Hongsheng Li

Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection has received broad attention over the years, aiming to ensure the reliability and safety of deep neural networks (DNNs) in real-world scenarios by rejecting incorrect predictions. However, we notice a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Yao Zhu , Yuefeng Chen , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , Rongxin Jiang , Bolun Zheng , Yaowu Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models in medical imaging applications. This work is motivated by the observation that class activation maps (CAMs) for in-distribution (ID) data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Yu-Jen Chen , Xueyang Li , Yiyu Shi , Tsung-Yi Ho

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Convolutional neural networks applied for real-world classification tasks need to recognize inputs that are far or out-of-distribution (OoD) with respect to the known or training data. To achieve this, many methods estimate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Kamil Szyc , Tomasz Walkowiak , Henryk Maciejewski

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical requirement for the deployment of deep neural networks. This paper introduces the HEAT model, a new post-hoc OOD detection method estimating the density of in-distribution (ID) samples using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Marc Lafon , Elias Ramzi , Clément Rambour , Nicolas Thome

It is essential for safety-critical applications of deep neural networks to determine when new inputs are significantly different from the training distribution. In this paper, we explore this out-of-distribution (OOD) detection problem for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Poulami Sinhamahapatra , Rajat Koner , Karsten Roscher , Stephan Günnemann

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to handle the distribution shifts between training and test scenarios. For a new in-distribution (ID) dataset, existing methods require retraining to capture the dataset-specific feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Meng Xing , Zhiyong Feng , Yong Su , Changjae Oh

In this study, we propose a three-stage training approach of neural networks for both photometric redshift estimation of galaxies and detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) objects. Our approach comprises supervised and unsupervised…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-04 Joongoo Lee , Min-Su Shin

Despite the significant research efforts on trajectory prediction for automated driving, limited work exists on assessing the prediction reliability. To address this limitation we propose an approach that covers two sources of error, namely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Julian Wiederer , Julian Schmidt , Ulrich Kressel , Klaus Dietmayer , Vasileios Belagiannis

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection identifies test samples that differ from the training data, which is critical to ensuring the safety and reliability of machine learning (ML) systems. While a plethora of methods have been developed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Viet Duong , Qiong Wu , Zhengyi Zhou , Eric Zavesky , Jiahe Chen , Xiangzhou Liu , Wen-Ling Hsu , Huajie Shao

We study the problem of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, that is, detecting whether a learning algorithm's output can be trusted at inference time. While a number of tests for OOD detection have been proposed in prior work, a formal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-19 Akshayaa Magesh , Venugopal V. Veeravalli , Anirban Roy , Susmit Jha

Though remarkable progress has been achieved in various vision tasks, deep neural networks still suffer obvious performance degradation when tested in out-of-distribution scenarios. We argue that the feature statistics (mean and standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Xiaotong Li , Yongxing Dai , Yixiao Ge , Jun Liu , Ying Shan , Ling-Yu Duan