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Automated fact-checking has been a challenging task for the research community. Prior work has explored various strategies, such as end-to-end training, retrieval-augmented generation, and prompt engineering, to build robust fact-checking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Gaurav Kumar , Ayush Garg , Debajyoti Mazumder , Aditya Kishore , Babu kumar , Jasabanta Patro

We introduce the GEM (Generative Estimator for Mutual Information), an evaluation metric for assessing language generation by Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in generating informative judgments, without the need for a gold…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Shengwei Xu , Yuxuan Lu , Grant Schoenebeck , Yuqing Kong

Reward Modeling is critical in evaluating and improving the generation of Large Language Models (LLMs). While numerous recent works have shown its feasibility in improving safety, helpfulness, reasoning, and instruction-following ability,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Hanning Zhang , Juntong Song , Juno Zhu , Yuanhao Wu , Tong Zhang , Cheng Niu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in handling complex reasoning tasks by generating step-by-step rationales.Some methods have proven effective in boosting accuracy by introducing extra verifiers to assess…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Mingqian He , Yongliang Shen , Wenqi Zhang , Zeqi Tan , Weiming Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant advances in reasoning tasks. A key approach is tree-based search with verifiers, which expand candidate reasoning paths and use reward models to guide pruning and selection. Although…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yingqian Cui , Zhenwei Dai , Pengfei He , Bing He , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Jingying Zeng , Suhang Wang , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Benoit Dumoulin

Large Language Models (LLMs) can exhibit considerable variation in the quality of their sampled outputs. Reranking and selecting the best generation from the sampled set is a popular way of obtaining strong gains in generation quality. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Siddhartha Jain , Xiaofei Ma , Anoop Deoras , Bing Xiang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their reasoning capabilities through feedback. A critical challenge is verifying the consistency of model-generated responses and reference answers,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xuzhao Li , Xuchen Li , Shiyu Hu , Yongzhen Guo , Wentao Zhang

Large decoder-only language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in generation and reasoning tasks, where they generate text responses given instructions. However, many applications, e.g., retrieval augmented generation (RAG),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Caojin Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Ke Li , Sai Vidyaranya Nuthalapati , Benyu Zhang , Jason Liu , Serena Li , Lizhu Zhang , Xiangjun Fan

Logical reasoning is a critical benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as it reflects their ability to derive valid conclusions from given premises. While the combination of test-time scaling with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Test-time compute scaling allocates inference computation uniformly, uses fixed sampling strategies, and applies verification only for reranking. In contrast, we propose a verifier-guided adaptive framework treating reasoning as iterative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Ahsan Bilal , Ahmed Mohsin , Muhammad Umer , Ali Subhan , Hassan Rizwan , Ayesha Mohsin , Dean Hougen

Reward models are central to both reinforcement learning (RL) with language models and inference-time verification. However, existing reward models often lack temporal consistency, leading to ineffective policy updates and unstable RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Dan Zhang , Min Cai , Jonathan Light , Ziniu Hu , Yisong Yue , Jie Tang

The availability of large pre-trained models is changing the landscape of Machine Learning research and practice, moving from a training-from-scratch to a fine-tuning paradigm. While in some applications the goal is to "nudge" the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Tomasz Korbak , Hady Elsahar , Germán Kruszewski , Marc Dymetman

The paradigm shift from item-centric ranking to answer-centric synthesis is redefining the role of search engines. While recent industrial progress has applied generative techniques to closed-set item ranking in e-commerce, research and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Wei Wu , Peilun Zhou , Liyi Chen , Qimeng Wang , Chengqiang Lu , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Hui Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been integrated into recommender systems to enhance user behavior comprehension. The Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) technique is further incorporated into these systems to retrieve more relevant items…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Sichun Luo , Jian Xu , Xiaojie Zhang , Linrong Wang , Sicong Liu , Hanxu Hou , Linqi Song

We explore the ability of large language models (LLMs) to act as speech recognition post-processors that perform rescoring and error correction. Our first focus is on instruction prompting to let LLMs perform these task without fine-tuning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Chao-Han Huck Yang , Yile Gu , Yi-Chieh Liu , Shalini Ghosh , Ivan Bulyko , Andreas Stolcke

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) holds great promise as a tool to support personalized learning. Teachers need tools to efficiently and effectively enhance content readability of educational texts so that they are matched to…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) struggle with complex geometric reasoning, largely because "black box" outcome-based supervision fails to distinguish between lucky guesses and rigorous deduction. To address this, we introduce a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Jianlong Chen , Daocheng Fu , Shengze Xu , Jiawei Chen , Yuan Feng , Yue Yang , Junchi Yan , Hongyuan Zha , Renqiu Xia

Most reward models for visual generation reduce rich human judgments to a single unexplained score, discarding the reasoning that underlies preference. We show that teaching reward models to produce explicit, multi-dimensional critiques…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Haozhe Wang , Cong Wei , Weiming Ren , Jiaming Liu , Fangzhen Lin , Wenhu Chen

One way to increase confidence in the outputs of Large Language Models (LLMs) is to support them with reasoning that is clear and easy to check -- a property we call legibility. We study legibility in the context of solving grade-school…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Jan Hendrik Kirchner , Yining Chen , Harri Edwards , Jan Leike , Nat McAleese , Yuri Burda

The recent paradigm shift towards training large language models (LLMs) using DeepSeek-R1-Zero-style reinforcement learning (RL) on verifiable rewards has led to impressive advancements in code and mathematical reasoning. However, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiangxin Zhou , Zichen Liu , Anya Sims , Haonan Wang , Tianyu Pang , Chongxuan Li , Liang Wang , Min Lin , Chao Du