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Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen widespread adoption across multiple domains, creating an urgent need for robust safety alignment mechanisms. However, robustness remains challenging due to jailbreak attacks that bypass alignment via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Hicham Eddoubi , Umar Faruk Abdullahi , Fadi Hassan

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent and integrated into autonomous systems, ensuring their safety is imperative. Despite significant strides toward safety alignment, recent work GCG~\citep{zou2023universal}…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Zeyi Liao , Huan Sun

Gradient-based adversarial prompting, such as the Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) algorithm, has emerged as a powerful method for jailbreaking large language models (LLMs). In this paper, we present a systematic appraisal of GCG and its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yuting Tan , Xuying Li , Zhuo Li , Huizhen Shu , Peikang Hu

Adversarial prompts generated using gradient-based methods exhibit outstanding performance in performing automatic jailbreak attacks against safety-aligned LLMs. Nevertheless, due to the discrete nature of texts, the input gradient of LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Qizhang Li , Yiwen Guo , Wangmeng Zuo , Hao Chen

Jailbreak attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated various successful methods whereby attackers manipulate models into generating harmful responses that they are designed to avoid. Among these, Greedy Coordinate Gradient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Junjie Mu , Zonghao Ying , Zhekui Fan , Zonglei Jing , Yaoyuan Zhang , Zhengmin Yu , Wenxin Zhang , Quanchen Zou , Xiangzheng Zhang

Large language models have drawn significant attention to the challenge of safe alignment, especially regarding jailbreak attacks that circumvent security measures to produce harmful content. To address the limitations of existing methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Hanqing Liu , Lifeng Zhou , Huanqian Yan

Aligned Large Language Models (LLMs) have attracted significant attention for their safety, particularly in the context of jailbreak attacks that attempt to bypass guardrails via adversarial prompts. Among existing approaches, the Greedy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Xiao Li , Wei Zhang , Zhuhong Li , Qiongxiu Li , Shei PernChua , BingZe Lee , Jinghao Cui , Yifan Huang , Xiaolin Hu

Despite the advancements in training Large Language Models (LLMs) with alignment techniques to enhance the safety of generated content, these models remain susceptible to jailbreak, an adversarial attack method that exposes security…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Jiahui Li , Yongchang Hao , Haoyu Xu , Xing Wang , Yu Hong

Although large language models (LLMs) are typically aligned, they remain vulnerable to jailbreaking through either carefully crafted prompts in natural language or, interestingly, gibberish adversarial suffixes. However, gibberish tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Vishal Kumar , Zeyi Liao , Jaylen Jones , Huan Sun

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical applications, ensuring their robustness and safety alignment remains a major challenge. Despite the overall success of alignment techniques such as reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Sajib Biswas , Mao Nishino , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu

While most LLMs are autoregressive, diffusion-based LLMs have recently emerged as an alternative method for generation. Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) attacks have proven effective against autoregressive models, but their applicability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ruben Neyroud , Sam Corley

This paper studies the vulnerabilities of transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) to jailbreaking attacks, focusing specifically on the optimization-based Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) strategy. We first observe a positive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Zijun Wang , Haoqin Tu , Jieru Mei , Bingchen Zhao , Yisen Wang , Cihang Xie

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) has raised security concerns due to their susceptibility to producing harmful or policy-violating outputs when exposed to adversarial prompts. While alignment and guardrails mitigate common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Rishit Chugh

Safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become a critical issue given their rapid progresses. Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) is shown to be effective in constructing adversarial prompts to break the aligned LLMs, but optimization of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Yiran Zhao , Wenyue Zheng , Tianle Cai , Xuan Long Do , Kenji Kawaguchi , Anirudh Goyal , Michael Shieh

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across various domains but remain susceptible to safety concerns. Prior research indicates that gradient-based adversarial attacks are particularly effective against…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Jingbo Su

Automatic adversarial prompt generation provides remarkable success in jailbreaking safely-aligned large language models (LLMs). Existing gradient-based attacks, while demonstrating outstanding performance in jailbreaking white-box LLMs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Qizhang Li , Xiaochen Yang , Wangmeng Zuo , Yiwen Guo

Transfer learning for high-dimensional Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) is studied with the goal of estimating the target GGM by utilizing the data from similar and related auxiliary studies. The similarity between the target graph and each…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-22 Sai Li , T. Tony Cai , Hongzhe Li

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited outstanding performance in natural language processing tasks. However, these models remain susceptible to adversarial attacks in which slight input perturbations can lead to harmful or misleading…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Minkyoung Kim , Yunha Kim , Hyeram Seo , Heejung Choi , Jiye Han , Gaeun Kee , Soyoung Ko , HyoJe Jung , Byeolhee Kim , Young-Hak Kim , Sanghyun Park , Tae Joon Jun

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on automatic prompt engineering in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to refine user inputs and enhance response accuracy. However, the diversity of user requirements often leads to unintended…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Chong Zhang , Xiang Li , Jia Wang , Shan Liang , Haochen Xue , Xiaobo Jin

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used, understanding them systematically is key to improving their safety and realizing their full potential. Although many models are aligned using techniques such as reinforcement learning from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Sajib Biswas , Mao Nishino , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu
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