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The accurate classification of lymphoma subtypes using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue is complicated by the wide range of morphological features these cancers can exhibit. We present LymphoML - an interpretable machine learning…

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for assessing specific immune biomarkers like Human Epidermal growth-factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer. However, the traditional protocols of obtaining IHC stains are resource-intensive,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Aasim Bin Saleem , Amr Ahmed , Ardhendu Behera , Hafeezullah Amin , Iman Yi Liao , Mahmoud Khattab , Pan Jia Wern , Haslina Makmur

We propose a virtual staining methodology based on Generative Adversarial Networks to map histopathology images of breast cancer tissue from H&E stain to PHH3 and vice versa. We use the resulting synthetic images to build Convolutional…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-18 Caner Mercan , Germonda Reijnen-Mooij , David Tellez Martin , Johannes Lotz , Nick Weiss , Marcel van Gerven , Francesco Ciompi

Pathologists routinely use immunohistochemical (IHC)-stained tissue slides against MelanA in addition to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides to improve their accuracy in diagnosing melanomas. The use of diagnostic Deep Learning…

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is the cornerstone of histopathology but lacks molecular specificity. While Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides molecular insights, it is costly and complex, motivating H&E-to-IHC translation as a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Erik Großkopf , Valay Bundele , Mehran Hosseinzadeh , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

Three-dimensional X-ray histology techniques offer a non-invasive alternative to conventional 2D histology, enabling volumetric imaging of biological tissues without the need for physical sectioning or chemical staining. However, the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Sarah C. Irvine , Christian Lucas , Diana Krüger , Bianca Guedert , Julian Moosmann , Berit Zeller-Plumhoff

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is the clinical standard for assessing tissue morphology, but it lacks molecular-level diagnostic information. In contrast, immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides crucial insights into biomarker expression,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Jingsong Liu , Xiaofeng Deng , Han Li , Azar Kazemi , Christian Grashei , Gesa Wilkens , Xin You , Tanja Groll , Nassir Navab , Carolin Mogler , Peter J. Schüffler

Virtual staining offers a promising method for converting Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) images into Immunohistochemical (IHC) images, eliminating the need for costly chemical processes. However, existing methods often struggle to utilize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Zhaohu Xing , Haipeng Zhou , Lei Zhu

Histopathological evaluation of tissue samples is a key practice in patient diagnosis and drug development, especially in oncology. Historically, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) has been used by pathologists as a gold standard staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Amal Lahiani , Jacob Gildenblat , Irina Klaman , Shadi Albarqouni , Nassir Navab , Eldad Klaiman

Histological staining of tissue biopsies, especially hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, serves as the benchmark for disease diagnosis and comprehensive clinical assessment of tissue. However, the process is laborious and time-consuming,…

Histopathological visualizations are a pillar of modern medicine and biological research. Surgical oncology relies exclusively on post-operative histology to determine definitive surgical success and guide adjuvant treatments. The current…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-04 Marian Boktor , Benjamin Ecclestone , Vlad Pekar , Deepak Dinakaran , John R. Mackey , Paul Fieguth , Parsin Haji Reza

Virtual staining streamlines traditional staining procedures by digitally generating stained images from unstained or differently stained images. While conventional staining methods involve time-consuming chemical processes, virtual…

Histological staining is the gold standard for tissue examination in clinical pathology and life-science research, which visualizes the tissue and cellular structures using chromatic dyes or fluorescence labels to aid the microscopic…

Medical Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 Bijie Bai , Xilin Yang , Yuzhu Li , Yijie Zhang , Nir Pillar , Aydogan Ozcan

Universal, transferable whole-slide image (WSI) representations are central to computational pathology. Incorporating multiple markers (e.g., immunohistochemistry, IHC) alongside H&E enriches H&E-based features with diverse, biologically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Yizhi Zhang , Lei Fan , Zhulin Tao , Donglin Di , Yang Song , Sidong Liu , Cong Cong

In histopathology, tissue sections are typically stained using common H&E staining or special stains (MAS, PAS, PASM, etc.) to clearly visualize specific tissue structures. The rapid advancement of deep learning offers an effective solution…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-23 Zizhi Chen , Xinyu Zhang , Minghao Han , Yizhou Liu , Ziyun Qian , Weifeng Zhang , Xukun Zhang , Jingwei Wei , Lihua Zhang

The diagnosis of cancer is mainly performed by visual analysis of the pathologists, through examining the morphology of the tissue slices and the spatial arrangement of the cells. If the microscopic image of a specimen is not stained, it…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-06 Pegah Salehi , Abdolah Chalechale

Breast cancer presents a significant healthcare challenge globally, demanding precise diagnostics and effective treatment strategies, where histopathological examination of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections plays a central…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-06 Linhao Qu , Chengsheng Zhang , Guihui Li , Haiyong Zheng , Chen Peng , Wei He

Histopathology relies on the analysis of microscopic tissue images to diagnose disease. A crucial part of tissue preparation is staining whereby a dye is used to make the salient tissue components more distinguishable. However, differences…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-03 Haseeb Nazki , Ognjen Arandjelović , InHwa Um , David Harrison

Multiplex imaging is revolutionizing pathology by enabling the simultaneous visualization of multiple biomarkers within tissue samples, providing molecular-level insights that traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining cannot provide.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Hyun-Jic Oh , Junsik Kim , Zhiyi Shi , Yichen Wu , Yu-An Chen , Peter K Sorger , Hanspeter Pfister , Won-Ki Jeong

Pathology is practiced by visual inspection of histochemically stained slides. Most commonly, the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is used in the diagnostic workflow and it is the gold standard for cancer diagnosis. However, in many cases,…