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Automatic evaluation metrics are crucial to the development of generative systems. In recent years, pre-trained language model (PLM) based metrics, such as BERTScore, have been commonly adopted in various generation tasks. However, it has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Tianxiang Sun , Junliang He , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Rating aggregation plays a crucial role in various fields, such as product recommendations, hotel rankings, and teaching evaluations. However, traditional averaging methods can be affected by participation bias, where some raters do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Yongkang Guo , Yuqing Kong , Jialiang Liu

Classification systems are evaluated in a countless number of papers. However, we find that evaluation practice is often nebulous. Frequently, metrics are selected without arguments, and blurry terminology invites misconceptions. For…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Juri Opitz

Standard benchmarks of bias and fairness in large language models (LLMs) measure the association between the user attributes stated or implied by a prompt and the LLM's short text response, but human-AI interaction increasingly requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Kristian Lum , Jacy Reese Anthis , Kevin Robinson , Chirag Nagpal , Alexander D'Amour

Effectively measuring, understanding, and improving mobile app performance is of paramount importance for mobile app developers. Across the mobile Internet landscape, companies run online controlled experiments (A/B tests) with thousands of…

Applications · Statistics 2020-12-01 Yuxiang Xie , Meng Xu , Evan Chow , Xiaolin Shi

Teaching is one of the most important factors affecting any education system. Many research efforts have been conducted to facilitate the presentation modes used by instructors in classrooms as well as provide means for students to review…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-01-16 Marian George , Moustafa Youssef

In text summarization, evaluating the efficacy of automatic metrics without human judgments has become recently popular. One exemplar work concludes that automatic metrics strongly disagree when ranking high-scoring summaries. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Manik Bhandari , Pranav Gour , Atabak Ashfaq , Pengfei Liu

Developing large language models is expensive and involves making decisions with small experiments, typically by evaluating on large, multi-task evaluation suites. In this work, we analyze specific properties which make a benchmark more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 David Heineman , Valentin Hofmann , Ian Magnusson , Yuling Gu , Noah A. Smith , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Kyle Lo , Jesse Dodge

Disaggregated evaluation across subgroups is critical for assessing the fairness of machine learning models, but its uncritical use can mislead practitioners. We show that equal performance across subgroups is an unreliable measure of…

Speech Quality Assessment (SQA) and Continuous Speech Emotion Recognition (CSER) are two key tasks in speech technology, both relying on listener ratings. However, these ratings are inherently biased due to individual listener factors.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Cheng-Hung Hu , Yusuke Yasuda , Akifumi Yoshimoto , Tomoki Toda

Ideally, a meta-analysis will summarize data from several unbiased studies. Here we consider the less than ideal situation in which contributing studies may be compromised by measurement error. Measurement error affects every study design,…

The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) serves as the standard metric for speech quality assessment, yet biases in human annotations remain underexplored. We conduct the first systematic analysis of gender bias in MOS, revealing that male listeners…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Wenze Ren , Yi-Cheng Lin , Wen-Chin Huang , Erica Cooper , Ryandhimas E. Zezario , Hsin-Min Wang , Hung-yi Lee , Yu Tsao

User satisfaction plays a crucial role in user experience (UX) evaluation. Traditionally, UX measurements are based on subjective scales, such as questionnaires. However, these evaluations may suffer from subjective bias. In this paper, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yong Ma , Xuedong Zhang , Yuchong Zhang , Morten Fjeld

Voice assistants (VAs) are typically evaluated through task performance metrics and self-report questionnaires, but people's voices themselves carry rich paralinguistic cues that reveal affect, effort, and interaction breakdowns. We present…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Yong Ma , Xuesong Zhang , Xuedong Zhang , Natalia Bartłomiejczyk , Seungwoo Je , Adrian Holzer , Morten Fjeld , Andreas Butz

Effective summarisation evaluation metrics enable researchers and practitioners to compare different summarisation systems efficiently. Estimating the effectiveness of an automatic evaluation metric, termed meta-evaluation, is a critically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xiang Dai , Sarvnaz Karimi , Biaoyan Fang

This paper addresses the evaluation of the performance of the decision support system that utilizes face and facial expression biometrics. The evaluation criteria include risk of error and related reliability of decision, as well as their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Kenneth Lai , Svetlana N. Yanushkevich , Vlad Shmerko

Systems that answer questions by reviewing the scientific literature are becoming increasingly feasible. To draw reliable conclusions, these systems should take into account the quality of available evidence from different studies, placing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jianyou Wang , Weili Cao , Longtian Bao , Youze Zheng , Gil Pasternak , Kaicheng Wang , Xiaoyue Wang , Ramamohan Paturi , Leon Bergen

Several benchmarks have been built with heavy investment in resources to track our progress in NLP. Thousands of papers published in response to those benchmarks have competed to top leaderboards, with models often surpassing human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Swaroop Mishra , Anjana Arunkumar , Chris Bryan , Chitta Baral

Research on Large Language Models (LLMs) has often neglected subtle biases that, although less apparent, can significantly influence the models' outputs toward particular social narratives. This study addresses two such biases within LLMs:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Abhishek Kumar , Sarfaroz Yunusov , Ali Emami

Search systems in online social media sites are frequently used to find information about ongoing events and people. For topics with multiple competing perspectives, such as political events or political candidates, bias in the top ranked…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-04-06 Juhi Kulshrestha , Motahhare Eslami , Johnnatan Messias , Muhammad Bilal Zafar , Saptarshi Ghosh , Krishna P. Gummadi , Karrie Karahalios