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This paper investigates the transient stability of power systems co-dominated by different types of grid-forming (GFM) devices. Synchronous generators (SGs and VSGs) and droop-controlled inverters are typical GFM devices in modern power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-13 Xiuqiang He , Hua Geng

As power systems transit to a state of high renewable penetration, little or no presence of synchronous generators makes the prerequisite of well-regulated frequency for grid-following inverters unrealistic. Thus, there is a trend to resort…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-16 Yan Jiang , Andrey Bernstein , Petr Vorobev , Enrique Mallada

This paper employs modal analysis to study the core inertial dynamics of governor-controlled synchronous generators (GC-SG), droop-based grid-forming (GFM) converters, and their most fundamental interactions. The results indicate that even…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Gerardo Medrano , Santiago Cóbreces

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

In this work, we investigate grid-forming control for power systems containing three-phase and single-phase converters connected to unbalanced distribution and transmission networks, investigate self-balancing between single-phase…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-15 Shahin S. Nudehi , Dominic Groß

We prove that the popular grid-forming control, i.e., dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), also termed complex droop control, exhibits output-feedback passivity in its large-signal model, featuring an explicit and physically…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Xiuqiang He , Florian Dörfler

The ever increasing penetration of Renewable Energy Resources (RESs) in power distribution networks has brought, among others, the challenge of maintaining the grid voltages within the secure region. Employing droop voltage regulators on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-18 H. Sekhavatmanesh , G. Ferrari-Trecate , S. Mastellone

We present a method to design distributed generation and demand control schemes for primary frequency regulation in power networks that guarantee asymptotic stability and ensure fairness of allocation. We impose a passivity condition on net…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-10 Andreas Kasis , Eoin Devane , Ioannis Lestas

With the rapid adoption of emerging inverter-based resources, it is crucial to understand their dynamic interactions across the network and ensure stability. This paper proposes a systematic and efficient method to determine the optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Sushobhan Chatterjee , Sijia Geng

This paper proposes dynamic stability and performance conditions for grid-connected inverter-based resources (IBRs). To this end, we extend the notion of steady-state droop coefficients to dynamic droop coefficients to capture the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-07 Jennifer T. Bui , Dominic Groß

Grid-forming, particularly those utilizing droop control and virtual synchronous generators (VSG), can actively regulate the frequency and voltage of microgrid systems, exhibiting dynamic characteristics akin to those of synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Aihong Tang

This work develops a constraint-aware grid-forming (GFM) control that explicitly accounts for current limits and modulation limits within the GFM oscillator dynamics generating the GFM voltage reference (i.e., phase angle and magnitude).…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Dominic Groß

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

In the last decade, the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in distribution networks has been constantly increasing due to their many technical, economical, and environmental benefits. However, the large-scale penetration of RESs…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-13 H. Sekhavatmanesh , G. Ferrari-Trecate , S. Mastellone

In this paper, we present an analogy for a power system dominated by grid-forming (GFM) sources that proves to be a powerful visualization tool for analyses of power flow, frequency regulation, and power dispatch. Frequency droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-12 Minghui Lu , Brett Ross

This letter proposes a general decentralized control of cascaded inverters-power factor angle droop control. Compared to the existing control strategies, it has the following attractive benefits: 1) it is suitable for both grid-connected…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-23 Yao Sun , Lang Li , Guangze Shi , Xiaochao Hou , Mei Su

We present a full review of PID passivity-based controllers (PBC) applied to power electronic converters, discussing limitations, unprecedented merits and potential improvements in terms of large-signal stability, robustness and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-24 Daniele Zonetti , Gilbert Bergna-Diaz , Romeo Ortega , Nima Monshizadeh

Recent work has proposed a universal framework that integrates the well-established power synchronization control into vector current control. Using this controller for the parallel operation of grid-forming converters, and/or with loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Orcun Karaca , Irina Subotic , Lennart Harnefors , Ioannis Tsoumas

The rise in residential photovoltaics and other distributed energy sources poses unprecedented challenges for the operation of power distribution grids. When high amounts of active power are injected into the grid by such power sources, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-01 Jonas G. Matt , Lukas Ortmann , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

The grid-forming converter is an important unit in the future power system with more inverter-interfaced generators. However, improving its performance is still a key challenge. This paper proposes a generalized architecture of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-14 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg