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Recent advancements in code generation have shown remarkable success across software domains, yet hardware description languages (HDLs) such as Verilog remain underexplored due to their concurrency semantics, syntactic rigidity, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Fu Teng , Miao Pan , Xuhong Zhang , Zhezhi He , Yiyao Yang , Xinyi Chai , Mengnan Qi , Liqiang Lu , Jianwei Yin

Reinforcement learning (RL) solves sequential decision-making problems via a trial-and-error process interacting with the environment. While RL achieves outstanding success in playing complex video games that allow huge trial-and-error,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Fan-Ming Luo , Tian Xu , Hang Lai , Xiong-Hui Chen , Weinan Zhang , Yang Yu

Goal-conditioned reinforcement learning (GCRL), related to a set of complex RL problems, trains an agent to achieve different goals under particular scenarios. Compared to the standard RL solutions that learn a policy solely depending on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Minghuan Liu , Menghui Zhu , Weinan Zhang

Building virtual cells with generative models to simulate cellular behavior in silico is emerging as a promising paradigm for accelerating drug discovery. However, prior image-based generative approaches can produce implausible cell images…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Dongxia Wu , Shiye Su , Yuhui Zhang , Elaine Sui , Emma Lundberg , Emily B. Fox , Serena Yeung-Levy

Robots have been successfully used to perform tasks with high precision. In real-world environments with sparse rewards and multiple goals, learning is still a major challenge and Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms fail to learn good…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Tejaswini Manjunath , Mozhgan Navardi , Prakhar Dixit , Bharat Prakash , Tinoosh Mohsenin

Recent advances in multimodal reward modeling have been largely driven by a paradigm shift from discriminative to generative approaches. Building on this progress, recent studies have further employed reinforcement learning from verifiable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Chenglong Wang , Yifu Huo , Yang Gan , Qiaozhi He , Qi Meng , Bei Li , Yan Wang , Junfu Liu , Tianhua Zhou , Jingbo Zhu , Tong Xiao

As the cost of pretraining large language models grows, there is continued interest in strategies to improve learning efficiency during this core training stage. Motivated by cognitive development, where humans gradually build knowledge as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Karanpartap Singh , Neil Band , Ehsan Adeli

User modeling in large e-commerce platforms aims to optimize user experiences by incorporating various customer activities. Traditional models targeting a single task often focus on specific business metrics, neglecting the comprehensive…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Mingdai Yang , Fan Yang , Yanhui Guo , Shaoyuan Xu , Tianchen Zhou , Yetian Chen , Simone Shao , Jia Liu , Yan Gao

Sequential decision making under uncertainty is central to many Process Systems Engineering (PSE) challenges, where traditional methods often face limitations related to controlling and optimizing complex and stochastic systems.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-29 Maximilian Bloor , Max Mowbray , Ehecatl Antonio Del Rio Chanona , Calvin Tsay

In recent years, Reinforcement Learning (RL), has become a popular field of study as well as a tool for enterprises working on cutting-edge artificial intelligence research. To this end, many researchers have built RL frameworks such as…

Replacing poorly performing existing controllers with smarter solutions will decrease the energy intensity of the building sector. Recently, controllers based on Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have been shown to be more effective than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Loris Di Natale , Bratislav Svetozarevic , Philipp Heer , Colin N. Jones

Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) has enhanced game content creation, yet challenges in controllability and limited training data persist. This study addresses these issues by distilling a constructive PCG algorithm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yuhe Nie , Michael Middleton , Tim Merino , Nidhushan Kanagaraja , Ashutosh Kumar , Zhan Zhuang , Julian Togelius

Applying Reinforcement Learning (RL) to sequence generation models enables the direct optimization of long-term rewards (\textit{e.g.,} BLEU and human feedback), but typically requires large-scale sampling over a space of action sequences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Chenglong Wang , Hang Zhou , Yimin Hu , Yifu Huo , Bei Li , Tongran Liu , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

With deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods achieving results that exceed human capabilities in games, robotics, and simulated environments, continued scaling of RL training is crucial to its deployment in solving complex real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Ahmet Inci , Evgeny Bolotin , Yaosheng Fu , Gal Dalal , Shie Mannor , David Nellans , Diana Marculescu

Common approaches to Reinforcement Learning (RL) are seriously challenged by large-scale applications involving huge state spaces and sparse delayed reward feedback. Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) methods attempt to address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Jacob Rafati , David C. Noelle

Benchmarks are crucial in the development of machine learning algorithms, with available environments significantly influencing reinforcement learning (RL) research. Traditionally, RL environments run on the CPU, which limits their…

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) improves the efficiency of long-horizon reinforcement-learning tasks with sparse rewards by decomposing the task into a hierarchy of subgoals. The main challenge of HRL is efficient discovery of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Sadegh Khorasani , Saber Salehkaleybar , Negar Kiyavash , Matthias Grossglauser

For reinforcement learning (RL), it is challenging for an agent to master a task that requires a specific series of actions due to sparse rewards. To solve this problem, reverse curriculum generation (RCG) provides a reverse expansion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Zih-Yun Chiu , Yi-Lin Tuan , Hung-yi Lee , Li-Chen Fu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated significant potential in certain real-world industrial applications, yet its broader deployment remains limited by inherent challenges such as sample inefficiency and unstable learning dynamics.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Tom Maus , Asma Atamna , Tobias Glasmachers

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved groundbreaking successes in a wide variety of robotic applications. A natural consequence is the adoption of this paradigm for safety-critical tasks, where human safety and expensive hardware…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Davide Corsi , Raz Yerushalmi , Guy Amir , Alessandro Farinelli , David Harel , Guy Katz