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We give examples of data-generating models under which Breiman's random forest may be extremely slow to converge to the optimal predictor or even fail to be consistent. The evidence provided for these properties is based on mostly intuitive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-01 José A. Ferreira

The Distributional Random Forest (DRF) is a recently introduced Random Forest algorithm to estimate multivariate conditional distributions. Due to its general estimation procedure, it can be employed to estimate a wide range of targets such…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-12-20 Jeffrey Näf , Corinne Emmenegger , Peter Bühlmann , Nicolai Meinshausen

Random forests is a common non-parametric regression technique which performs well for mixed-type data and irrelevant covariates, while being robust to monotonic variable transformations. Existing random forest implementations target…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-04 Taylor Pospisil , Ann B. Lee

In this paper, we propose Random Forests by Random Weights (RF-RW), a theoretically grounded and practically effective alternative RF modelling for nonlinear time series data, where existing RF-based approaches struggle to adequately…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-18 Shihao Zhang , Zudi Lu , Chao Zheng

We study the often overlooked phenomenon, first noted in \cite{breiman2001random}, that random forests appear to reduce bias compared to bagging. Motivated by an interesting paper by \cite{mentch2020randomization}, where the authors explain…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-23 Brian Liu , Rahul Mazumder

Machine learning (ML) algorithms become increasingly important in the analysis of astronomical data. However, since most ML algorithms are not designed to take data uncertainties into account, ML based studies are mostly restricted to data…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-26 Itamar Reis , Dalya Baron , Sahar Shahaf

Random forest (RF) is one of the most popular methods for estimating regression functions. The local nature of the RF algorithm, based on intra-node means and variances, is ideal when errors are i.i.d. For dependent error processes like…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-29 Arkajyoti Saha , Sumanta Basu , Abhirup Datta

We study predictive probability inference in classification tasks using random forests under class imbalance. We focus on two simplified variants of Breiman's algorithm, namely subsampling Infinite Random Forests (IRFs) and under-sampling…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-23 Moria Mayala , Olivier Wintenberger , Charles Tillier , Clément Dombry

The regularized random forest (RRF) was recently proposed for feature selection by building only one ensemble. In RRF the features are evaluated on a part of the training data at each tree node. We derive an upper bound for the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-06-21 Houtao Deng , George Runger

Random forest regression is a powerful non-parametric method that adapts to local data characteristics through data-driven partitioning, making it effective across diverse application domains. However, the piecewise constant nature of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ziyi Liu , Phuc Luong , Mario Boley , Daniel F. Schmidt

Random forests are a statistical learning technique that use bootstrap aggregation to average high-variance and low-bias trees. Improvements to random forests, such as applying Lasso regression to the tree predictions, have been proposed in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-13 Jing Shang , James Bannon , Benjamin Haibe-Kains , Robert Tibshirani

Random forest (RF) missing data algorithms are an attractive approach for dealing with missing data. They have the desirable properties of being able to handle mixed types of missing data, they are adaptive to interactions and nonlinearity,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-01-23 Fei Tang , Hemant Ishwaran

This paper proposes a new method for interpreting and simplifying a black box model of a deep random forest (RF) using a proposed rule elimination. In deep RF, a large number of decision trees are connected to multiple layers, thereby…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Sangwon Kim , Mira Jeong , Byoung Chul Ko

We introduce random spatial forests, a method of bagging regression trees allowing for spatial correlation. Our main contribution is the development of a computationally efficient tree building algorithm which selects each split of the tree…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-24 Travis Hee Wai , Michael T. Young , Adam A. Szpiro

K-nearest neighbor (kNN) search has wide applications in many areas, including data mining, machine learning, statistics and many applied domains. Inspired by the success of ensemble methods and the flexibility of tree-based methodology, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-27 Donghui Yan , Yingjie Wang , Jin Wang , Honggang Wang , Zhenpeng Li

Regression models for supervised learning problems with a continuous target are commonly understood as models for the conditional mean of the target given predictors. This notion is simple and therefore appealing for interpretation and…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-09 Torsten Hothorn , Achim Zeileis

In this work, we present a random forest framework that learns the weights, shapes, and sparsities of feature representations for real-time semantic segmentation. Typical filters (kernels) have predetermined shapes and sparsities and learn…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Byeongkeun Kang , Truong Q. Nguyen

An increasing array of biomedical and computer vision applications requires the predictive modeling of complex data, for example images and shapes. The main challenge when predicting such objects lies in the fact that they do not comply to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-17 Dimosthenis Tsagkrasoulis , Giovanni Montana

Random forests are a machine learning method used to automatically classify datasets and consist of a multitude of decision trees. While these random forests often have higher performance and generalize better than a single decision tree,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Max Sondag , Christofer Meinecke , Dennis Collaris , Tatiana von Landesberger , Stef van den Elzen

While circular data occur in a wide range of scientific fields, the methodology for distributional modeling and probabilistic forecasting of circular response variables is rather limited. Most of the existing methods are built on the…