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Advances in the general capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have led to their use for information retrieval, and as components in automated decision systems. A faithful representation of probabilistic reasoning in these models may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Gabriel Freedman , Francesca Toni

Despite their impressive performance on diverse tasks, large language models (LMs) still struggle with tasks requiring rich world knowledge, implying the limitations of relying solely on their parameters to encode a wealth of world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Alex Mallen , Akari Asai , Victor Zhong , Rajarshi Das , Daniel Khashabi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well on standard reasoning and question-answering benchmarks, yet such evaluations often fail to capture their ability to handle long-tail, expertise-intensive knowledge in real-world professional…

Recently proposed evaluation benchmarks aim to characterize the effective context length and the forgetting tendencies of large language models (LLMs). However, these benchmarks often rely on simplistic 'needle in a haystack' retrieval or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Raquib Bin Yousuf , Aadyant Khatri , Shengzhe Xu , Mandar Sharma , Naren Ramakrishnan

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted considerable attention as they are capable of showcasing impressive capabilities generating comparable high-quality responses to human inputs. LLMs, can not only compose textual scripts such as…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Denish Omondi Otieno , Faranak Abri , Sima Siami-Namini , Akbar Siami Namin

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications requiring factual accuracy, yet their outputs often contain hallucinated responses. While fact-checking can mitigate these errors, existing methods typically retrieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Haoran Wang , Maryam Khalid , Qiong Wu , Jian Gao , Cheng Cao

Predicting the success of start-up companies, defined as achieving an exit through acquisition or IPO, is a critical problem in entrepreneurship and innovation research. Datasets such as Crunchbase provide both structured information (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Rabeya Tus Sadia , Qiang Cheng

Can language models (LM) ground question-answering (QA) tasks in the knowledge base via inherent relational reasoning ability? While previous models that use only LMs have seen some success on many QA tasks, more recent methods include…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Yujie Lu , Siqi Ouyang , Kairui Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities in mathematical reasoning. However, despite these achievements, current evaluations are mostly limited to specific mathematical topics, and it remains unclear whether LLMs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Arash Gholami Davoodi , Seyed Pouyan Mousavi Davoudi , Pouya Pezeshkpour

Large language models (LLMs) show strong reasoning abilities across diverse tasks, yet their performance on extended contexts remains inconsistent. While prior research has emphasized mid-context degradation in question answering, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Pietro Bernardelle , Stefano Civelli , Kevin Roitero , Gianluca Demartini

Formal mathematical reasoning remains a critical challenge for artificial intelligence, hindered by limitations of existing benchmarks in scope and scale. To address this, we present FormalMATH, a large-scale Lean4 benchmark comprising…

This paper explores the robustness of language models (LMs) to variations in the temporal context within factual knowledge. It examines whether LMs can correctly associate a temporal context with a past fact valid over a defined period, by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hichem Ammar Khodja , Frédéric Béchet , Quentin Brabant , Alexis Nasr , Gwénolé Lecorvé

Automatic fact-checking plays a crucial role in combating the spread of misinformation. Large Language Models (LLMs) and Instruction-Following variants, such as InstructGPT and Alpaca, have shown remarkable performance in various natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Tsun-Hin Cheung , Kin-Man Lam

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various domains, driving significant technological advancements and innovations. Despite the rapid growth in model scale and capability, systematic, data-driven research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Suqing Wang , Zuchao Li , Luohe Shi , Bo Du , Hai Zhao , Yun Li , Qianren Wang

Large language models (LLMs), a recent advance in deep learning and machine intelligence, have manifested astonishing capacities, now considered among the most promising for artificial general intelligence. With human-like capabilities,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Zhilun Zhou , Jing Yi Wang , Nicholas Sukiennik , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li , James Evans

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transformative not only for daily activities but also for engineering tasks. However, current evaluations of LLMs in engineering exhibit two critical shortcomings: (i) the reliance on simplified use cases,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Rene Heesch , Sebastian Eilermann , Alexander Windmann , Alexander Diedrich , Philipp Rosenthal , Oliver Niggemann

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in text generation and understanding, yet their reliance on implicit, unstructured knowledge often leads to factual inaccuracies and limited interpretability. Knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Qinggang Zhang

Code data has been shown to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but it remains unclear which aspects of code are most responsible. We investigate this question with a systematic, data-centric framework. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Abdul Waheed , Zhen Wu , Carolyn Rosé , Daphne Ippolito

Previous work has showcased the intriguing capability of large language models (LLMs) in retrieving facts and processing context knowledge. However, only limited research exists on the layer-wise capability of LLMs to encode knowledge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Tianjie Ju , Weiwei Sun , Wei Du , Xinwei Yuan , Zhaochun Ren , Gongshen Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in manipulating natural language across multiple applications, but their ability to handle simple reasoning tasks is often questioned. In this work, we aim to provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Alessandro Raganato , Rafael Peñaloza , Marco Viviani , Gabriella Pasi
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