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Related papers: Matmul or No Matmul in the Era of 1-bit LLMs

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1-bit LLM quantization offers significant advantages in reducing storage and computational costs. However, existing methods typically train 1-bit LLMs from scratch, failing to fully leverage pre-trained models. This results in high training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhijun Tu , Jian Li , Yuanyuan Xi , Siqi Liu , Chuanjian Liu , Hanting Chen , Jie Hu , Yunhe Wang

Recently, 1-bit Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged, showcasing an impressive combination of efficiency and performance that rivals traditional LLMs. Research by Wang et al. (2023); Ma et al. (2024) indicates that the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Majid Daliri , Zhao Song , Chiwun Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in natural language processing, showcasing exceptional performance across various tasks. However, the expensive memory and computational requirements present significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ruihao Gong , Yifu Ding , Zining Wang , Chengtao Lv , Xingyu Zheng , Jinyang Du , Haotong Qin , Jinyang Guo , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

Recent research, such as BitNet, is paving the way for a new era of 1-bit Large Language Models (LLMs). In this work, we introduce a 1-bit LLM variant, namely BitNet b1.58, in which every single parameter (or weight) of the LLM is ternary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Shuming Ma , Hongyu Wang , Lingxiao Ma , Lei Wang , Wenhui Wang , Shaohan Huang , Li Dong , Ruiping Wang , Jilong Xue , Furu Wei

In this paper, we propose PIM-LLM, a hybrid architecture developed to accelerate 1-bit large language models (LLMs). PIM-LLM leverages analog processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures and digital systolic arrays to accelerate low-precision…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Jinendra Malekar , Peyton Chandarana , Md Hasibul Amin , Mohammed E. Elbtity , Ramtin Zand

Quantum computers leverage the unique advantages of quantum mechanics to achieve acceleration over classical computers for certain problems. Currently, various quantum simulators provide powerful tools for researchers, but simulating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-31 Shuangxiang Zhou , Ronghang Chen , Zheng An , Shi-Yao Hou

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver strong performance across a wide range of NLP tasks, but their massive sizes hinder deployment on resource-constrained devices. To reduce their computational and memory burden, various compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Dung Anh Hoang , Cuong Pham , Cuong Nguyen , Trung le , Jianfei Cai , Thanh-Toan Do

Model quantification uses low bit-width values to represent the weight matrices of existing models to be quantized, which is a promising approach to reduce both storage and computational overheads of deploying highly anticipated LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Yuzhuang Xu , Xu Han , Zonghan Yang , Shuo Wang , Qingfu Zhu , Zhiyuan Liu , Weidong Liu , Wanxiang Che

Despite the superior performance, Large Language Models~(LLMs) require significant computational resources for deployment and use. To overcome this issue, quantization methods have been widely applied to reduce the memory footprint of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Peiyu Liu , Zikang Liu , Ze-Feng Gao , Dawei Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically trained in two phases: pre-training on large internet-scale datasets, and fine-tuning for downstream tasks. Given the higher computational demand of pre-training, it's intuitive to assume that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 James Liu , Guangxuan Xiao , Kai Li , Jason D. Lee , Song Han , Tri Dao , Tianle Cai

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing by achieving state-of-the-art performance across various tasks. Recently, their effectiveness as embedding models has gained attention, marking a paradigm shift…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Chongyang Tao , Tao Shen , Shen Gao , Junshuo Zhang , Zhen Li , Kai Hua , Wenpeng Hu , Zhengwei Tao , Shuai Ma

The effect of large language models (LLMs) in education is debated: Previous research shows that LLMs can help as well as hurt learning. In two pre-registered and incentivized laboratory experiments, we find no effect of LLMs on overall…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Matthias Lehmann , Philipp B. Cornelius , Fabian J. Sting

Increasing the number of parameters in large language models (LLMs) usually improves performance in downstream tasks but raises compute and memory costs, making deployment difficult in resource-limited settings. Quantization techniques,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Renren Jin , Jiangcun Du , Wuwei Huang , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Deyi Xiong

We reveal that low-bit quantization favors undertrained large language models (LLMs) by observing that models with larger sizes or fewer training tokens experience less quantization-induced degradation (QiD) when applying low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xu Ouyang , Tao Ge , Thomas Hartvigsen , Zhisong Zhang , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

The inference of Large language models (LLMs) requires immense computation and memory resources. To curtail these costs, quantisation has merged as a promising solution, but existing LLM quantisation mainly focuses on 8-bit. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Cheng Zhang , Jianyi Cheng , Ilia Shumailov , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive results for a variety of tasks, but state-of-the-art systems require fast GPUs with large amounts of memory. To reduce both the memory and latency of these systems, practitioners quantize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Gautom Das , Vincent La , Ethan Lau , Abhinav Shrivastava , Matthew Gwilliam

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown an impressive capability in code generation. The LLM effectiveness generally increases with its size: The higher the number of LLM's trainable parameters the better its ability to implement code.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Alessandro Giagnorio , Antonio Mastropaolo , Saima Afrin , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across numerous applications and have shown an emergent ability to tackle complex reasoning tasks, such as mathematical computations. However, even for the simplest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Wei Zhang , Chaoqun Wan , Yonggang Zhang , Yiu-ming Cheung , Xinmei Tian , Xu Shen , Jieping Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally altered how we approach scaling in machine learning. However, these models pose substantial computational and memory challenges, primarily due to the reliance on matrix multiplication (MatMul)…

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent the recent success of deep learning in achieving remarkable human-like predictive performance. It has become a mainstream strategy to leverage fine-tuning to adapt LLMs for various real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Hongpeng Jin , Wenqi Wei , Xuyu Wang , Wenbin Zhang , Yanzhao Wu
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