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Ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) align with the diverse and evolving human values across different regions and cultures remains a critical challenge in AI ethics. Current alignment approaches often yield superficial conformity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jiahao Wang , Songkai Xue , Jinghui Li , Xiaozhen Wang

Language models often misinterpret human intentions due to their handling of ambiguity, a limitation well-recognized in NLP research. While morally clear scenarios are more discernible to LLMs, greater difficulty is encountered in morally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Pranav Senthilkumar , Visshwa Balasubramanian , Prisha Jain , Aneesa Maity , Jonathan Lu , Kevin Zhu

In this work, we study the alignment (BrainScore) of large language models (LLMs) fine-tuned for moral reasoning on behavioral data and/or brain data of humans performing the same task. We also explore if fine-tuning several LLMs on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Artem Karpov , Seong Hah Cho , Austin Meek , Raymond Koopmanschap , Lucy Farnik , Bogdan-Ionut Cirstea

Large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity in the past few years and have achieved undeniably impressive results on benchmarks as varied as question answering and text summarization. We provide a simple new prompting strategy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Joshua Albrecht , Ellie Kitanidis , Abraham J. Fetterman

This paper explores the integration of human-like emotions and ethical considerations into Large Language Models (LLMs). We first model eight fundamental human emotions, presented as opposing pairs, and employ collaborative LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Edward Y. Chang

This study establishes a novel framework for systematically evaluating the moral reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) as they increasingly integrate into critical societal domains. Current assessment methodologies lack the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Junfeng Jiao , Saleh Afroogh , Abhejay Murali , Kevin Chen , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar

An increasing amount of research in Natural Language Inference (NLI) focuses on the application and evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) and their reasoning capabilities. Despite their success, however, LLMs are still prone to factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Xin Quan , Marco Valentino , Louise A. Dennis , André Freitas

We present an ethical decision-making framework that refines a pre-trained reinforcement learning (RL) model using a task-agnostic ethical layer. Following initial training, the RL model undergoes ethical fine-tuning, where human feedback…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rohit K. Dubey , Damian Dailisan , Sachit Mahajan

Large language models are increasingly influencing human moral decisions, yet current approaches focus primarily on evaluating rather than actively steering their moral decisions. We formulate this as an out-of-distribution moral alignment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zhiyu An , Wan Du

In the rapidly evolving field of artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for a myriad of applications, from natural language processing to decision-making support systems. However, as these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jianchao Ji , Yutong Chen , Mingyu Jin , Wujiang Xu , Wenyue Hua , Yongfeng Zhang

The recent rise in popularity of large language models (LLMs) has prompted considerable concerns about their moral capabilities. Although considerable effort has been dedicated to aligning LLMs with human moral values, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Alessio Galatolo , Luca Alberto Rappuoli , Katie Winkle , Meriem Beloucif

Fine-tuning LLMs for classification typically maps inputs directly to labels. We ask whether attaching brief explanations to each label during fine-tuning yields better models. We evaluate conversational response quality along three axes:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Vivswan Shah , Randy Cogill , Hanwei Yue , Gopinath Chennupati , Rinat Khaziev

Big models have greatly advanced AI's ability to understand, generate, and manipulate information and content, enabling numerous applications. However, as these models become increasingly integrated into everyday life, their inherent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Xiaoyuan Yi , Jing Yao , Xiting Wang , Xing Xie

This paper explores the advancements in making large language models (LLMs) more human-like. We focus on techniques that enhance natural language understanding, conversational coherence, and emotional intelligence in AI systems. The study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ethem Yağız Çalık , Talha Rüzgar Akkuş

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software engineering (SE) tools for tasks that extend beyond code synthesis, including judgment under uncertainty and reasoning in ethically significant contexts. We present a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Patrizio Migliarini , Mashal Afzal Memon , Marco Autili , Paola Inverardi

With the rise and widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs), ensuring their safety is crucial to prevent harm to humans and promote ethical behaviors. However, directly assessing value valence (i.e., support or oppose) by leveraging…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Yuxi Sun , Wei Gao , Jing Ma , Hongzhan Lin , Ziyang Luo , Wenxuan Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in domains requiring moral understanding, yet their reasoning often remains shallow, and misaligned with human reasoning. Unlike humans, whose moral reasoning integrates contextual…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Mohna Chakraborty , Lu Wang , David Jurgens

Large language models (LLMs), initially developed for generative AI, are now evolving into agentic AI systems, which make decisions in complex, real-world contexts. Unfortunately, while their generative capabilities are well-documented,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Matthew DosSantos DiSorbo , Harang Ju , Sinan Aral

Modeling complex subjective tasks in Natural Language Processing, such as recognizing emotion and morality, is considerably challenging due to significant variation in human annotations. This variation often reflects reasonable differences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Georgios Chochlakis , Peter Wu , Arjun Bedi , Marcus Ma , Kristina Lerman , Shrikanth Narayanan

Deploying large language models (LLMs) with agency in real-world applications raises critical questions about how these models will behave. In particular, how will their decisions align with humans when faced with moral dilemmas? This study…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Jiseon Kim , Jea Kwon , Luiz Felipe Vecchietti , Alice Oh , Meeyoung Cha
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