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Differential equations are a ubiquitous tool to study dynamics, ranging from physical systems to complex systems, where a large number of agents interact through a graph with non-trivial topological features. Data-driven approximations of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-04-26 Vaiva Vasiliauskaite , Nino Antulov-Fantulin

Using established principles from Statistics and Information Theory, we show that invariance to nuisance factors in a deep neural network is equivalent to information minimality of the learned representation, and that stacking layers and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Alessandro Achille , Stefano Soatto

Although statistical learning theory provides a robust framework to understand supervised learning, many theoretical aspects of deep learning remain unclear, in particular how different architectures may lead to inductive bias when trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Cédric Gerbelot , Avetik Karagulyan , Stefani Karp , Kavya Ravichandran , Menachem Stern , Nathan Srebro

For any given neural network architecture a permutation of weights and biases results in the same functional network. This implies that optimization algorithms used to `train' or `learn' the network are faced with a very large number (in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-22 Harbir Antil , Thomas S. Brown , Rainald Löhner , Fumiya Togashi , Deepanshu Verma

Analyzing neural network dynamics via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is crucial to building theoretical foundations for deep learning. Previous work has analyzed structured inputs within the \textit{hidden manifold model}, often under…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-01 Jaeyong Bae , Hawoong Jeong

In this review, we survey the latest approaches and techniques developed to overcome the spectral bias towards low frequency of deep neural network learning methods in learning multiple-frequency solutions of partial differential equations.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-01-20 Zhi-Qin John Xu , Lulu Zhang , Wei Cai

While modern deep networks have demonstrated remarkable versatility, their training dynamics remain poorly understood--often driven more by empirical tweaks than architectural insight. This paper investigates how internal structural choices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Saleh Nikooroo , Thomas Engel

Recent work on mode connectivity in the loss landscape of deep neural networks has demonstrated that the locus of (sub-)optimal weight vectors lies on continuous paths. In this work, we train a neural network that serves as a hypernetwork,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-09 Lior Deutsch , Erik Nijkamp , Yu Yang

Learning to remember over long timescales is fundamentally challenging for recurrent neural networks (RNNs). While much prior work has explored why RNNs struggle to learn long timescales and how to mitigate this, we still lack a clear…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-25 Blake Bordelon , Jordan Cotler , Cengiz Pehlevan , Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth

Algorithmic approaches endow deep learning systems with implicit bias that helps them generalize even in over-parametrized settings. In this paper, we focus on understanding such a bias induced in learning through dropout, a popular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Poorya Mianjy , Raman Arora , Rene Vidal

Over-parameterized deep neural networks (DNNs) with sufficient capacity to memorize random noise can achieve excellent generalization performance, challenging the bias-variance trade-off in classical learning theory. Recent studies claimed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Xiao Zhang , Haoyi Xiong , Dongrui Wu

Deep neural networks exhibit a simplicity bias, a well-documented tendency to favor simple functions over complex ones. In this work, we cast new light on this phenomenon through the lens of the Minimum Description Length principle,…

Despite their ability to represent highly expressive functions, deep learning models seem to find simple solutions that generalize surprisingly well. Spectral bias -- the tendency of neural networks to prioritize learning low frequency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Sara Fridovich-Keil , Raphael Gontijo-Lopes , Rebecca Roelofs

We show that deep neural networks trained across diverse tasks exhibit remarkably similar low-dimensional parametric subspaces. We provide the first large-scale empirical evidence that demonstrates that neural networks systematically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Prakhar Kaushik , Shravan Chaudhari , Ankit Vaidya , Rama Chellappa , Alan Yuille

The dynamics of gradient-based training in neural networks often exhibit nontrivial structures; hence, understanding them remains a central challenge in theoretical machine learning. In particular, a concept of feature unlearning, in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Shota Imai , Sota Nishiyama , Masaaki Imaizumi

Weight decay is one of the most widely used forms of regularization in deep learning, and has been shown to improve generalization and robustness. The optimization objective driving weight decay is a sum of losses plus a term proportional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Liu Yang , Jifan Zhang , Joseph Shenouda , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Kangwook Lee , Robert D. Nowak

In the context of supervised learning of a function by a neural network, we claim and empirically verify that the neural network yields better results when the distribution of the data set focuses on regions where the function to learn is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-28 Paul Novello , Gaël Poëtte , David Lugato , Pietro Congedo

Recent works have highlighted scale invariance or symmetry present in the weight space of a typical deep network and the adverse effect it has on the Euclidean gradient based stochastic gradient descent optimization. In this work, we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-04 Vijay Badrinarayanan , Bamdev Mishra , Roberto Cipolla

Low precision weights, activations, and gradients have been proposed as a way to improve the computational efficiency and memory footprint of deep neural networks. Recently, low precision networks have even shown to be more robust to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-04 Griffin Lacey , Graham W. Taylor , Shawki Areibi

Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs) have proven successful in learning dynamical systems in terms of accurately recovering the observed trajectories. While different types of sparsity have been proposed to improve robustness, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Hananeh Aliee , Till Richter , Mikhail Solonin , Ignacio Ibarra , Fabian Theis , Niki Kilbertus