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Heavy computation is a bottleneck limiting deep-learningbased feature matching algorithms to be applied in many realtime applications. However, existing lightweight networks optimized for Euclidean data cannot address classical feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Xiaoyong Lu , Yaping Yan , Bin Kang , Songlin Du

One limitation of existing Transformer-based models is that they cannot handle very long sequences as input since their self-attention operations exhibit quadratic time and space complexity. This problem becomes especially acute when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yuzhen Mao , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Transformer-based models have emerged as one of the most widely used architectures for natural language processing, natural language generation, and image generation. The size of the state-of-the-art models has increased steadily reaching…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Rya Sanovar , Srikant Bharadwaj , Renee St. Amant , Victor Rühle , Saravan Rajmohan

Attention is a key part of the transformer architecture. It is a sequence-to-sequence mapping that transforms each sequence element into a weighted sum of values. The weights are typically obtained as the softmax of dot products between…

Standard Transformers excel at semantic modeling but struggle with rigid sequential logic and state tracking. Theoretical work establishes that self-attention is limited to $\AC^0$ (under hard attention) or $\TC^0$ (under soft attention),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Mehryar Mohri

The Softmax attention mechanism in Transformer models is notoriously computationally expensive, particularly due to its quadratic complexity, posing significant challenges in vision applications. In contrast, linear attention provides a far…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Qihang Fan , Huaibo Huang , Ran He

Reference-based image super-resolution (RefSR) aims to exploit auxiliary reference (Ref) images to super-resolve low-resolution (LR) images. Recently, RefSR has been attracting great attention as it provides an alternative way to surpass…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Jiezhang Cao , Jingyun Liang , Kai Zhang , Yawei Li , Yulun Zhang , Wenguan Wang , Luc Van Gool

The attention mechanism is the computational core of modern Transformer architectures, but its quadratic complexity in the input sequence length is the bottleneck for large-scale inference. This has motivated a rapidly growing body of work…

Transformer architectures have achieved remarkable success in various domains. While efficient alternatives to Softmax Attention have been widely studied, the search for more expressive mechanisms grounded in theoretical insight-even at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yifei Zuo , Yutong Yin , Zhichen Zeng , Ang Li , Banghua Zhu , Zhaoran Wang

We revisit the use of spectral techniques to replaces the attention mechanism in Transformers through Fourier Transform based token mixing, and present a comprehensive and novel reformulation of this technique in next generation transformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Andrew Kiruluta , Andreas Lemos , Eric Lundy

While Transformer networks benefit from a global receptive field, their quadratic cost relative to sequence length restricts their application to long sequences and high-resolution inputs. We introduce Fast Multipole Attention (FMA), a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yanming Kang , Giang Tran , Hans De Sterck

Transformers based on the attention mechanism have achieved impressive success in various areas. However, the attention mechanism has a quadratic complexity, significantly impeding Transformers from dealing with numerous tokens and scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Haixu Wu , Jialong Wu , Jiehui Xu , Jianmin Wang , Mingsheng Long

Transformer models are computationally costly on long sequences since regular attention has quadratic $O(n^2)$ time complexity. We introduce Wavelet-Enhanced Random Spectral Attention (WERSA), a novel mechanism of linear $O(n)$ time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Vincenzo Dentamaro

Radio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) is a promising device authentication technique for securing the Internet of things. It exploits the intrinsic and unique hardware impairments of the transmitters for RF device identification. In…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-26 Yuan Zeng , Yi Gong , Jiawei Liu , Shangao Lin , Zidong Han , Ruoxiao Cao , Kaibin Huang , Khaled Ben Letaief

Large transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results in numerous natural language processing tasks. Among the pivotal components of the transformer architecture, the attention mechanism plays a crucial role in capturing token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yichuan Deng , Zhao Song , Kaijun Yuan , Tianyi Zhou

Transformer architecture has been very successful long runner in the field of Deep Learning (DL) and Large Language Models (LLM) because of its powerful attention-based learning and parallel-natured architecture. As the models grow gigantic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Phani Kumar , Nyshadham , Jyothendra Varma , Polisetty V R K , Aditya Rathore

In recent years, Transformer-based models (Transformers) have achieved significant success in multivariate time series forecasting (MTSF). However, previous works focus on extracting features either from the time domain or the frequency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Aobo Liang , Yan Sun , Nadra Guizani

Transformer-based architectures have demonstrated remarkable success across various domains, but their deployment on edge devices remains challenging due to high memory and computational demands. In this paper, we introduce a novel Reuse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Seul-Ki Yeom , Tae-Ho Kim

Genotype-to-Phenotype prediction can promote advances in modern genomic research and crop improvement, guiding precision breeding and genomic selection. However, high-dimensional nonlinear features often hinder the accuracy of…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-27 Zeyuan Zhou , Siyuan Chen , Xinzhang Wu , Jisen Zhang , Yunxuan Dong

Image super-resolution (SR) has significantly advanced through the adoption of Transformer architectures. However, conventional techniques aimed at enlarging the self-attention window to capture broader contexts come with inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Chengxing Xie , Xiaoming Zhang , Linze Li , Yuqian Fu , Biao Gong , Tianrui Li , Kai Zhang