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EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a vibrant research topic in the artificial intelligence community, with growing interest across methods and domains. Much has been written about the subject, yet XAI still lacks shared…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Matteo Rizzo , Alberto Veneri , Andrea Albarelli , Claudio Lucchese , Marco Nobile , Cristina Conati

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become essential for analyzing complex data and solving highly-challenging tasks. It is being applied across numerous disciplines beyond computer science, including Food Engineering, where there is a growing…

Modern AI systems frequently rely on opaque black-box models, most notably Deep Neural Networks, whose performance stems from complex architectures with millions of learned parameters. While powerful, their complexity poses a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 David Dembinsky , Adriano Lucieri , Stanislav Frolov , Hiba Najjar , Ko Watanabe , Andreas Dengel

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses the growing need for transparency and interpretability in AI systems, enabling trust and accountability in decision-making processes. This book offers a comprehensive guide to XAI,…

Explainable AI (XAI) has been proposed as a valuable tool to assist in downstream tasks involving human and AI collaboration. Perhaps the most psychologically valid XAI techniques are case based approaches which display 'whole' exemplars to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Eoin Kenny , Eoin Delaney , Mark Keane

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) plays a crucial role in enabling human understanding and trust in deep learning systems. As models get larger, more ubiquitous, and pervasive in aspects of daily life, explainability is necessary to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Vinitra Swamy , Jibril Frej , Tanja Käser

In this paper I argue that the search for explainable models and interpretable decisions in AI must be reformulated in terms of the broader project of offering a pragmatic and naturalistic account of understanding in AI. Intuitively, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Andrés Páez

Explainable AI (XAI) methods provide explanations of AI models, but our understanding of how they compare with human explanations remains limited. In image classification, we found that humans adopted more explorative attention strategies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Ruoxi Qi , Yueyuan Zheng , Yi Yang , Caleb Chen Cao , Janet H. Hsiao

Human understandable explanation of deep learning models is essential for various critical and sensitive applications. Unlike image or tabular data where the importance of each input feature (for the classifier's decision) can be directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu

Explainable AI (XAI) is an active research area to interpret a neural network's decision by ensuring transparency and trust in the task-specified learned models. Recently, perturbation-based model analysis has shown better interpretation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Mahesh Sudhakar , Sam Sattarzadeh , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Jongseong Jang , Yeonjeong Jeong , Hyunwoo Kim

Explainable AI (XAI) techniques are increasingly important for the validation and responsible use of modern deep learning models, but are difficult to evaluate due to the lack of good ground-truth to compare against. We propose a framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Amritpal Singh , Andrey Barsky , Mohamed Ali Souibgui , Ernest Valveny , Dimosthenis Karatzas

The field of explainable AI (XAI) has quickly become a thriving and prolific community. However, a silent, recurrent and acknowledged issue in this area is the lack of consensus regarding its terminology. In particular, each new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Sebastian Palacio , Adriano Lucieri , Mohsin Munir , Jörn Hees , Sheraz Ahmed , Andreas Dengel

Given the complexity and lack of transparency in deep neural networks (DNNs), extensive efforts have been made to make these systems more interpretable or explain their behaviors in accessible terms. Unlike most reviews, which focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Haoyi Xiong , Xuhong Li , Xiaofei Zhang , Jiamin Chen , Xinhao Sun , Yuchen Li , Zeyi Sun , Mengnan Du

Ensuring transparency and trust in artificial intelligence (AI) models is essential as they are increasingly deployed in safety-critical and high-stakes domains. Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a promising approach to address this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Reem Hammoud , Abdul Karim Gizzini , Ali J. Ghandour

Broad Explainable Artificial Intelligence moves away from interpreting individual decisions based on a single datum and aims to provide integrated explanations from multiple machine learning algorithms into a coherent explanation of an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew , Francisco Cruz

The use of wearables in medicine and wellness, enabled by AI-based models, offers tremendous potential for real-time monitoring and interpretable event detection. Explainable AI (XAI) is required to assess what models have learned and build…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Maurice Kuschel , Solveig Vieluf , Claus Reinsberger , Tobias Loddenkemper , Tanuj Hasija

Explainable AI is an emerging field providing solutions for acquiring insights into automated systems' rationale. It has been put on the AI map by suggesting ways to tackle key ethical and societal issues. Existing explanation techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Ioannis Mollas , Nick Bassiliades , Grigorios Tsoumakas

In addition to the impressive predictive power of machine learning (ML) models, more recently, explanation methods have emerged that enable an interpretation of complex non-linear learning models such as deep neural networks. Gaining a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Simon Letzgus , Patrick Wagner , Jonas Lederer , Wojciech Samek , Klaus-Robert Müller , Gregoire Montavon

Given the sheer volume of surgical procedures and the significant rate of postoperative fatalities, assessing and managing surgical complications has become a critical public health concern. Existing artificial intelligence (AI) tools for…

Conventionally, AI models are thought to trade off explainability for lower accuracy. We develop a training strategy that not only leads to a more explainable AI system for object classification, but as a consequence, suffers no perceptible…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Andrea Zunino , Sarah Adel Bargal , Riccardo Volpi , Mehrnoosh Sameki , Jianming Zhang , Stan Sclaroff , Vittorio Murino , Kate Saenko