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One key challenge for multi-task Reinforcement learning (RL) in practice is the absence of task indicators. Robust RL has been applied to deal with task ambiguity, but may result in over-conservative policies. To balance the worst-case…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Mengdi Xu , Peide Huang , Yaru Niu , Visak Kumar , Jielin Qiu , Chao Fang , Kuan-Hui Lee , Xuewei Qi , Henry Lam , Bo Li , Ding Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed both everyday life and scientific research. However, adapting LLMs from general-purpose models to specialized tasks remains challenging, particularly in resource-constrained environments.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Hao Zhang , Bo Huang , Zhenjia Li , Xi Xiao , Hui Yi Leong , Zumeng Zhang , Xinwei Long , Tianyang Wang , Hao Xu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has proven its effectiveness in mitigating hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving knowledge from external resources. To adapt LLMs for the RAG systems, current approaches use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Xinze Li , Sen Mei , Zhenghao Liu , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Shi Yu , Zheni Zeng , Hao Chen , Ge Yu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Chenyan Xiong

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited extraordinary performance in a variety of tasks while it remains challenging for them to solve complex multi-step tasks as agents. In practice, agents sensitive to the outcome of certain key steps…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Zilong Wang , Jingfeng Yang , Sreyashi Nag , Samarth Varshney , Xianfeng Tang , Haoming Jiang , Jingbo Shang , Sheikh Muhammad Sarwar

Scaling large language models (LLMs) has shown great potential for improving retrieval model performance; however, previous studies have mainly focused on dense retrieval trained with contrastive loss (CL), neglecting the scaling behavior…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Hansi Zeng , Julian Killingback , Hamed Zamani

With the capabilities of understanding and executing natural language instructions, Large language models (LLMs) can potentially act as a powerful tool for textual data augmentation. However, the quality of augmented data depends heavily on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Yichuan Li , Kaize Ding , Jianling Wang , Kyumin Lee

We present Re-weighted Gradient Descent (RGD), a novel optimization technique that improves the performance of deep neural networks through dynamic sample re-weighting. Leveraging insights from distributionally robust optimization (DRO)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ramnath Kumar , Kushal Majmundar , Dheeraj Nagaraj , Arun Sai Suggala

Distributionally robust optimization (DRO) is a widely used framework for optimizing objective functionals in the presence of both randomness and model-form uncertainty. A key step in the practical solution of many DRO problems is a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-22 Jeremiah Birrell

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a prominent paradigm for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs). Parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods, such as LoRA, are widely adopted to adapt pretrained MoE LLMs to downstream tasks. However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Guanzhi Deng , Bo Li , Ronghao Chen , Xiujin Liu , Zhuo Han , Huacan Wang , Lijie Wen , Linqi Song

In knowledge-intensive tasks such as open-domain question answering (OpenQA), large language models (LLMs) often struggle to generate factual answers, relying solely on their internal (parametric) knowledge. To address this limitation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Jinming Nian , Zhiyuan Peng , Qifan Wang , Yi Fang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown that reasoning ability can be significantly enhanced through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as the de…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jingyu Zhou , Lu Ma , Hao Liang , Chengyu Shen , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang

We present a new zero-shot dense retrieval (ZeroDR) method, COCO-DR, to improve the generalization ability of dense retrieval by combating the distribution shifts between source training tasks and target scenarios. To mitigate the impact of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Yue Yu , Chenyan Xiong , Si Sun , Chao Zhang , Arnold Overwijk

Advances in large language models (LLMs) are driving a shift toward using reinforcement learning (RL) to train agents from iterative, multi-turn interactions across tasks. However, multi-turn RL remains challenging as rewards are often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Aladin Djuhera , Swanand Ravindra Kadhe , Farhan Ahmed , Syed Zawad , Heiko Ludwig , Holger Boche

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) or multimodal large language models represent a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, enabling systems to understand and generate content across both visual and textual modalities. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Campbell Wilson , Janis Dalins

Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) Large Language Models (LLM) fundamentally rely on high-quality training data. While data selection and data synthesis are two common strategies to improve data quality, existing approaches often face limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Zinan Tang , Xin Gao , Qizhi Pei , Zhuoshi Pan , Mengzhang Cai , Jiang Wu , Conghui He , Lijun Wu

Despite their outstanding performance, large language models (LLMs) suffer notorious flaws related to their preference for simple, surface-level textual relations over full semantic complexity of the problem. This proposal investigates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Michal Štefánik

The anchor-document data derived from web graphs offers a wealth of paired information for training dense retrieval models in an unsupervised manner. However, unsupervised data contains diverse patterns across the web graph and often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Peixuan Han , Zhenghao Liu , Zhiyuan Liu , Chenyan Xiong

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become the backbone of grounding Large Language Models (LLMs), improving knowledge updates and reducing hallucinations. Recently, LLM-based retriever models have shown state-of-the-art performance…

Dense passage retrieval (DPR) is the first step in the retrieval augmented generation (RAG) paradigm for improving the performance of large language models (LLM). DPR fine-tunes pre-trained networks to enhance the alignment of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Benjamin Reichman , Larry Heck

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization in machine learning is a burgeoning area of study. Its primary goal is to enhance the adaptability and resilience of machine learning models when faced with new, unseen, and potentially adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Chengtao Jian , Kai Yang , Yang Jiao