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Simulative and scenario-based testing are crucial methods in the safety assurance for automated driving systems. To ensure that simulation results are reliable, the real world must be modeled with sufficient fidelity, including not only the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Christian Geller , Daniel Becker , Jobst Beckmann , Lutz Eckstein

Virtual testing of automated driving systems (ADS) has become an essential part of testing procedures for all automation levels. As ADS from automation level 3 and up are very complex, virtual testing for such systems is inevitable. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Demin Nalic , Aleksa Pandurevic , Arno Eichberger , Branko Rogic

Automated Driving is revolutionizing many of the traditional ways of operation in the automotive industry. The impact on safety engineering of automotive functions is arguably one of the most important changes. There has been a need to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Naveen Mohan , Martin Törngren

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) require extensive testing in simulation, but test case generation for driving scenarios is laborious. The desired scenarios are often out-of-distribution and have precise requirements on interactions with the AV…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Frieda Rong , Chris Zhang , Kelvin Wong , Raquel Urtasun

Safety validation is a crucial component in the development and deployment of autonomous systems, such as self-driving vehicles and robotic systems. Ensuring safe operation necessitates extensive testing and verification of control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-11 Ali Baheri , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Roadside perception systems are increasingly crucial in enhancing traffic safety and facilitating cooperative driving for autonomous vehicles. Despite rapid technological advancements, a major challenge persists for this newly arising…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Rusheng Zhang , Depu Meng , Shengyin Shen , Tinghan Wang , Tai Karir , Michael Maile , Henry X. Liu

Reliable estimation (or measurement) of vehicle states has always been an active topic of research in the automotive industry and academia. Among the vehicle states, vehicle speed has a priority due to its critical importance in traction…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-06-30 Mohammad Pirani , Ehsan Hashemi , Amir Khajepour , Baris Fidan , Bakhtiar Litkouhi , Shih-Ken Chen

Through international regulations (most prominently the latest UNECE regulation) and standards, the already widely perceived higher need for cybersecurity in automotive systems has been recognized and will mandate higher efforts for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Stefan Marksteiner , Peter Priller

Autonomous driving technologies have achieved significant advances in recent years, yet their real-world deployment remains constrained by data scarcity, safety requirements, and the need for generalization across diverse environments. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 A. Humnabadkar , A. Sikdar , B. Cave , H. Zhang , N. Bessis , A. Behera

With the growing interest in deploying robots in unstructured and uncertain environments, there has been increasing interest in factoring risk into safety-critical control development. Similarly, the authors believe risk should also be…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-08 Prithvi Akella , Mohamadreza Ahmadi , Aaron D. Ames

Simulation-based testing has become a crucial complement to road testing for ensuring the safety of cyber physical systems (CPS). As a result, significant research efforts have been directed toward identifying failure scenarios within…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Edward Kim , Devan Shanker , Varun Bharadwaj , Hongbeen Park , Jinkyu Kim , Hazem Torfah , Daniel J Fremont , Sanjit A Seshia

The validation and verification of automated driving functions (ADFs) is a challenging task on the journey of making those functions available to the public beyond the current research context. Simulation is a valuable building block for…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Daniel Becker , Christian Geller , Lutz Eckstein

This paper investigates runtime monitoring of perception systems. Perception is a critical component of high-integrity applications of robotics and autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars. In these applications, failure of perception…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Pasquale Antonante , Heath Nilsen , Luca Carlone

Sampling critical testing scenarios is an essential step in intelligence testing for Automated Vehicles (AVs). However, due to the lack of prior knowledge on the distribution of critical scenarios in sampling space, we can hardly…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Jingwei Ge , Pengbo Wang , Cheng Chang , Yi Zhang , Danya Yao , Li Li

Autonomous driving has been the subject of increased interest in recent years both in industry and in academia. Serious efforts are being pursued to address legal, technical and logistical problems and make autonomous cars a viable option…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Nan Li , Dave Oyler , Mengxuan Zhang , Yildiray Yildiz , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Anouck Girard

Ensuring validation for highly automated driving poses significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of highly automated vehicles. Scenario-based testing offers a potential solution by reducing the homologation effort required for these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Maximilian Zipfl , Moritz Jarosch , J. Marius Zöllner

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are being rapidly introduced into our lives. However, public misunderstanding and mistrust have become prominent issues hindering the acceptance of these driverless technologies. The primary objective of this study…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Zhijie Qiao , Helen Loeb , Venkata Gurrla , Matt Lebermann , Johannes Betz , Rahul Mangharam

As autonomous vehicle technology advances, the precise assessment of safety in complex traffic scenarios becomes crucial, especially in mixed-vehicle environments where human perception of safety must be taken into account. This paper…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Enrico Del Re , Amirhesam Aghanouri , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

Perception systems, especially cameras, are the eyes of automated driving systems. Ensuring that they function reliably and robustly is therefore an important building block in the automation of vehicles. There are various approaches to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Philipp Rigoll , Laurenz Adolph , Lennart Ries , Eric Sax

Simulation is an indispensable tool in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles (AVs), offering an efficient and safe alternative to road testing. An outstanding challenge with simulation-based testing is the generation of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Peide Huang , Wenhao Ding , Benjamin Stoler , Jonathan Francis , Bingqing Chen , Ding Zhao