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In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of alterfactual explanations for black box image classifiers. Traditional explanation mechanisms from the field of Counterfactual Thinking are a widely-used paradigm for Explainable Artificial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Silvan Mertes , Tobias Huber , Christina Karle , Katharina Weitz , Ruben Schlagowski , Cristina Conati , Elisabeth André

Explanation mechanisms from the field of Counterfactual Thinking are a widely-used paradigm for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), as they follow a natural way of reasoning that humans are familiar with. However, all common…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Silvan Mertes , Christina Karle , Tobias Huber , Katharina Weitz , Ruben Schlagowski , Elisabeth André

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are a practical tool for demonstrating why machine learning classifiers make particular decisions. For CEs to be useful, it is important that they are easy for users to interpret. Existing methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Lisa Schut , Oscar Key , Rory McGrath , Luca Costabello , Bogdan Sacaleanu , Medb Corcoran , Yarin Gal

Explainable AI (XAI) is an increasingly important area of machine learning research, which aims to make black-box models transparent and interpretable. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to XAI that uses the so-called counterfactual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Bastian Pfeifer , Mateusz Krzyzinski , Hubert Baniecki , Anna Saranti , Andreas Holzinger , Przemyslaw Biecek

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a prominent method in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), providing intuitive and actionable insights into Machine Learning model decisions. In contrast to other traditional feature…

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a popular solution for the eXplainable AI (XAI) problem of elucidating the predictions of black-box deep-learning systems due to their psychological validity, flexibility across problem domains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Eoin Delaney , Arjun Pakrashi , Derek Greene , Mark T. Keane

We present CounterfactualExplanations.jl: a package for generating Counterfactual Explanations (CE) and Algorithmic Recourse (AR) for black-box models in Julia. CE explain how inputs into a model need to change to yield specific model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Patrick Altmeyer , Arie van Deursen , Cynthia C. S. Liem

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a critical area of research aimed at enhancing the transparency and interpretability of AI systems. Counterfactual Explanations (CFEs) offer valuable insights into the decision-making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis , Jason Liartis , Giorgos Stamou

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a set of techniques that allows the understanding of both technical and non-technical aspects of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. XAI is crucial to help satisfying the increasingly important…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Riccardo Crupi , Alessandro Castelnovo , Daniele Regoli , Beatriz San Miguel Gonzalez

There is a growing concern that the recent progress made in AI, especially regarding the predictive competence of deep learning models, will be undermined by a failure to properly explain their operation and outputs. In response to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Eoin M. Kenny , Mark T. Keane

Recent advances in deep learning have improved multivariate time series (MTS) classification and regression by capturing complex patterns, but their lack of transparency hinders decision-making. Explainable AI (XAI) methods offer partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Alan G. Paredes Cetina , Kaouther Benguessoum , Raoni Lourenço , Sylvain Kubler

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) are an important tool in Algorithmic Recourse for addressing two questions: 1. What are the crucial factors that led to an automated prediction/decision? 2. How can these factors be changed to achieve a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Xuan Zhao , Klaus Broelemann , Gjergji Kasneci

The same method that creates adversarial examples (AEs) to fool image-classifiers can be used to generate counterfactual explanations (CEs) that explain algorithmic decisions. This observation has led researchers to consider CEs as AEs by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Timo Freiesleben

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) are a powerful technique used to explain Machine Learning models by showing how the input to a model should be minimally changed for the model to produce a different output. Similar proposals have been made…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Nicola Gigante , Francesco Leofante , Andrea Micheli

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has helped elucidate the internal mechanisms of machine learning algorithms, bolstering their reliability by demonstrating the basis of their predictions. Several XAI models consider causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Daisuke Takahashi , Shohei Shimizu , Takuma Tanaka

While local explanations for AI models can offer insights into individual predictions, such as feature importance, they are plagued by issues like instability. The unreliability of feature weights, often skewed due to poorly calibrated ML…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Helena Lofstrom , Tuwe Lofstrom , Ulf Johansson , Cecilia Sonstrod

This study investigates the impact of machine learning models on the generation of counterfactual explanations by conducting a benchmark evaluation over three different types of models: a decision tree (fully transparent, interpretable,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Catarina Moreira , Yu-Liang Chou , Chihcheng Hsieh , Chun Ouyang , João Madeiras Pereira , Joaquim Jorge

The application of deep learning in medical imaging has significantly advanced diagnostic capabilities, enhancing both accuracy and efficiency. Despite these benefits, the lack of transparency in these AI models, often termed "black boxes,"…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Eleonora Beatrice Rossi , Eleonora Lopez , Danilo Comminiello

Counterfactual Explanations (CFEs) interpret machine learning models by identifying the smallest change to input features needed to change the model's prediction to a desired output. For classification tasks, CFEs determine how close a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Margarita A. Guerrero , Cristian R. Rojas

Recently, eXplainable AI (XAI) research has focused on counterfactual explanations as post-hoc justifications for AI-system decisions (e.g. a customer refused a loan might be told: If you asked for a loan with a shorter term, it would have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Saugat Aryal , Mark T Keane
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