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Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) allow controlling the propagation environment in wireless networks through reconfigurable elements. Recently, beyond diagonal RISs (BD-RISs) have been proposed as novel RIS architectures whose…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

In this paper, we propose and study a multi-functional reconfigurable intelligent surface (MF-RIS) architecture. In contrast to conventional single-functional RIS (SF-RIS) that only reflects signals, the proposed MF-RIS simultaneously…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-05 Wen Wang , Wanli Ni , Hui Tian , Yonina C. Eldar , Rui Zhang

This work investigates the application of Beyond Diagonal Intelligent Reflective Surface (BD-IRS) to enhance THz downlink communication systems, operating in a hybrid: reflective and transmissive mode, to simultaneously provide services to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-10 Asad Mahmood , Thang X. Vu , Symeon Chatzinotas , Björn Ottersten

Continuous efforts have been devoted to integrate millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) bands into future communication standards in order to overcome the bandwidth shortage problem and achieve high data rates, primarily through…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-05 Sung Hyuck Hong , Junil Choi

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) as an effective technique for intelligently manipulating channel paths through reflection to serve desired users. Full-duplex (FD) systems, enabling simultaneous transmission and reception from a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Li-Hsiang Shen , Chia-Jou Ku , Kai-Ten Feng

Reconfigurable surface (RS) has been shown to be an effective solution for improving wireless communication links in general multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) setting. Current research efforts have been largely directed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Juan Vidal Alegria , Joao Vieira , Fredrik Rusek

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) have been proposed as a revolutionary technology with the potential to address several critical requirements of 6G communication systems. Despite its powerful ability for radio environment…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-09 Yun Yang , Zhiping Lu , Ming Li , Rang Liu , Qian Liu

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) architectures offer superior beamforming gain over conventional diagonal RISs. However, the channel estimation overhead is the main hurdle for reaping the above gain in practice.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-25 Rui Wang , Junyuan Gao , Shuowen Zhang , Bruno Clerckx , Liang Liu

We consider a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel in the presence of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS). Specifically, our focus is on analyzing the spatial multiplexing gains in line-of-sight and low-scattering MIMO…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Giulio Bartoli , Andrea Abrardo , Nicolo Decarli , Davide Dardari , Marco Di Renzo

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted communications recently appeared as a game-changing technology for next-generation wireless communications due to its unprecedented ability to reform the propagation environment. One of the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Aymen Khaleel , Ertugrul Basar

The concept of reconfiguring wireless propagation environments using intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS)s has recently emerged, where an IRS comprises of a large number of passive reflecting elements that can smartly reflect the impinging…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Qurrat-Ul-Ain Nadeem , Hibatallah Alwazani , Abla Kammoun , Anas Chaaban , Merouane Debbah , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Active reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has attracted significant attention as a recently proposed RIS architecture. Owing to its capability to amplify the incident signals, active RIS can mitigate the multiplicative fading effect…

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have emerged as a candidate technology for future 6G networks. However, due to the "multiplicative fading" effect, the existing passive RISs only achieve a negligible capacity gain in environments…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Zijian Zhang , Linglong Dai , Xibi Chen , Changhao Liu , Fan Yang , Robert Schober , H. Vincent Poor

This chapter overviews the concept of Smart Wireless Environments (SWEs) motivated by the emerging technology of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs). The operating principles and state-of-the-art hardware architectures of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 George C. Alexandropoulos , Kostantinos D. Katsanos , George Stamatelis , Ioannis Gavras

Large-scale antenna arrays employed by the base station (BS) constitute an essential next-generation communications technique. However, due to the constraints of size, cost, and power consumption, it is usually considered unrealistic to use…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Kunzan Liu , Zijian Zhang , Linglong Dai , Lajos Hanzo

Recent considerations for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) assume that RISs can convey information by reflection without the need of transmit radio frequency chains, which, however, is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Shaoe Lin , Beixiong Zheng , George C. Alexandropoulos , Miaowen Wen , Marco Di Renzo , Fangjiong Chen

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been deemed as one of potential components of future wireless communication systems because it can adaptively manipulate the wireless propagation environment with low-cost passive devices.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 Yanan Ma , Ming Li , Yang Liu , Qingqing Wu , Qian Liu

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) has emerged as a technology enabling wave domain beamforming through multiple stacked reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). SIM has been implemented so far with diagonal RIS (D-RIS), while SIM…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology for metasurfaces is ushering in a new paradigm for wireless communication systems. It provides an accessible way for controlling the interaction between electromagnetic waves with the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 P. H. C. de Souza , M. Khazaee , L. L. Mendes

Active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have recently been proposed to compensate for the severe multiplicative fading effect of conventional passive RIS-aided systems. Each reflecting element of active RISs is assisted by an…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Gui Zhou , Cunhua Pan , Hong Ren , Dongfang Xu , Zaichen Zhang , Jiangzhou Wang , Robert Schober