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Numerous studies have investigated the underlying mechanisms of in-context learning (ICL) effectiveness to inspire the design of related methods. However, existing work predominantly assumes the effectiveness of the demonstrations provided…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Dingzirui Wang , Xuangliang Zhang , Keyan Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che , Yang Deng

In-context learning (ICL) has proven highly effective across diverse large language model (LLM) tasks. However, its potential for enhancing tasks that demand step-by-step logical deduction, such as mathematical reasoning, remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ang Gao , Changshuo Zhang , Xiao Zhang , Deyang Li , Minjun Zhao , Fangchao Liu , Xinyu Zhang

Large-scale Transformer language models (LMs) trained solely on next-token prediction with web-scale data can solve a wide range of tasks after seeing just a few examples. The mechanism behind this capability, known as in-context learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Jingcheng Niu , Subhabrata Dutta , Ahmed Elshabrawy , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Iryna Gurevych

As one of the most exciting features of large language models (LLMs), in-context learning is a mixed blessing. While it allows users to fast-prototype a task solver with only a few training examples, the performance is generally sensitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Zhongtao Jiang , Yuanzhe Zhang , Cao Liu , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

The ability of generative large language models (LLMs) to perform in-context learning has given rise to a large body of research into how best to prompt models for various natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Armel Zebaze , Benoît Sagot , Rachel Bawden

In-context learning (ICL) allows large models to adapt to tasks using a few examples, yet its extension to vision-language models (VLMs) remains fragile. Our analysis reveals that the fundamental limitation lies in an inductive gap, models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Haoyu Wang , Haonan Wang , Yuyan Chen , Jun Chen , Gang Liu , Qian Wang , Jiahong Yan , Yanghua Xiao

Large Language Models (LLM) hold immense promise for real-world applications, but their generic knowledge often falls short of domain-specific needs. Fine-tuning, a common approach, can suffer from catastrophic forgetting and hinder…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Emile Contal , Garrin McGoldrick

Recently, rapid advancements in Multi-Modal In-Context Learning (MM-ICL) have achieved notable success, which is capable of achieving superior performance across various tasks without requiring additional parameter tuning. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Libo Qin , Qiguang Chen , Hao Fei , Zhi Chen , Min Li , Wanxiang Che

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) employ multi-modal in-context learning (MM-ICL) to adapt to new tasks by leveraging demonstration examples. While increasing the number of demonstrations boosts performance, they incur significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Daiki Chijiwa , Tamao Sakao , Taku Hasegawa

In-Context Learning (ICL) combined with pre-trained large language models has achieved promising results on various NLP tasks. However, ICL requires high-quality annotated demonstrations which might not be available in real-world scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Dawei Li , Yaxuan Li , Dheeraj Mekala , Shuyao Li , Yulin wang , Xueqi Wang , William Hogan , Jingbo Shang

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to acquire new behaviors from the input sequence alone without any parameter updates. Recent studies have shown that ICL can surpass the original meaning learned in pretraining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yongyi Yang , Hidenori Tanaka , Wei Hu

In-context learning (ICL) allows a language model to improve its problem-solving capability when provided with suitable information in context. Since the choice of in-context information can be determined based on the problem itself,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Yinghui He , Abhishek Panigrahi , Yong Lin , Sanjeev Arora

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for Large Visual Language Models (LVLMs), enabling them to leverage a few examples directly from input contexts. However, the effectiveness of this approach is heavily reliant on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Zihua Wang , Jiarui Wang , Haiyang Xu , Ming Yan , Fei Huang , Xu Yang , Xiu-Shen Wei , Siya Mi , Yu Zhang

Various design settings for in-context learning (ICL), such as the choice and order of the in-context examples, can bias a model toward a particular prediction without being reflective of an understanding of the task. While many studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Yu Fei , Yifan Hou , Zeming Chen , Antoine Bosselut

In-context learning (ICL) for large language models has proven to be a powerful approach for many natural language processing tasks. However, determining the best method to select examples for ICL is nontrivial as the results can vary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Subha Vadlamannati , Gözde Gül Şahin

LLMs face significant challenges in systematic generalization, particularly when dealing with reasoning tasks requiring compositional rules and handling out-of-distribution examples. To address these challenges, we introduce an in-context…

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized code intelligence by improving programming productivity and alleviating challenges faced by software developers. To further improve the performance of LLMs on specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yifei Ge , Weisong Sun , Yihang Lou , Chunrong Fang , Yiran Zhang , Yiming Li , Xiaofang Zhang , Yang Liu , Zhihong Zhao , Zhenyu Chen

We study the phenomenon of \textit{in-context learning} (ICL) exhibited by large language models, where they can adapt to a new learning task, given a handful of labeled examples, without any explicit parameter optimization. Our goal is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Jacob Abernethy , Alekh Agarwal , Teodor V. Marinov , Manfred K. Warmuth

In-context learning (ICL) describes a language model's ability to generate outputs based on a set of input demonstrations and a subsequent query. To understand this remarkable capability, researchers have studied simplified, stylized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Jaeyeon Kim , Sehyun Kwon , Joo Young Choi , Jongho Park , Jaewoong Cho , Jason D. Lee , Ernest K. Ryu

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on natural language tasks can be improved through both supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and in-context learning (ICL), which operate via distinct mechanisms. Supervised fine-tuning updates the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Saahith Janapati , Yangfeng Ji