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Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to advance natural language processing with their ability to generate human-like text across a range of tasks. Despite the remarkable success of LLMs in Natural Language Processing (NLP), their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Walid Mohamed Aly , Taysir Hassan A. Soliman , Amr Mohamed AbdelAziz

Background: Automated code summarisation supports program comprehension and documentation, yet the relative strengths and limitations of deterministic (heuristic-based) and probabilistic (LLM-based) pipelines remain unclear. Aims: This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Najam Nazar , Christoph Treude

Speech summarisation techniques take human speech as input and then output an abridged version as text or speech. Speech summarisation has applications in many domains from information technology to health care, for example improving speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Dana Rezazadegan , Shlomo Berkovsky , Juan C. Quiroz , A. Baki Kocaballi , Ying Wang , Liliana Laranjo , Enrico Coiera

Human evaluation is the foundation upon which the evaluation of both summarization systems and automatic metrics rests. However, existing human evaluation studies for summarization either exhibit a low inter-annotator agreement or have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Yixin Liu , Alexander R. Fabbri , Pengfei Liu , Yilun Zhao , Linyong Nan , Ruilin Han , Simeng Han , Shafiq Joty , Chien-Sheng Wu , Caiming Xiong , Dragomir Radev

Source code summarization -- creating natural language descriptions of source code behavior -- is a rapidly-growing research topic with applications to automatic documentation generation, program comprehension, and software maintenance.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-07 Alexander LeClair , Siyuan Jiang , Collin McMillan

Large Language Models utilizing reasoning techniques improve task performance but incur significant latency and token costs due to verbose generation. Existing automatic prompt optimization(APO) frameworks target task accuracy exclusively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Deep Shah , Sanket Badhe , Nehal Kathrotia , Priyanka Tiwari

We describe a novel approach to automating unit test generation for Java methods using large language models (LLMs). Existing LLM-based approaches rely on sample usage(s) of the method to test (focal method) and/or provide the entire class…

Automatic patent summarization approaches that help in the patent analysis and comprehension procedure are in high demand due to the colossal growth of innovations. The development of natural language processing (NLP), text mining, and deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Nevidu Jayatilleke , Ruvan Weerasinghe

The emergence of powerful LLMs has led to a paradigm shift in abstractive summarization of spoken documents. The properties that make LLMs so valuable for this task -- creativity, ability to produce fluent speech, and ability to abstract…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Margaret Kroll , Kelsey Kraus

(Source) code summarization is the task of automatically generating natural language summaries (also called comments) for given code snippets. Recently, with the successful application of large language models (LLMs) in numerous fields,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Tingting Xu , Yun Miao , Chunrong Fang , Hanwei Qian , Xia Feng , Zhenpeng Chen , Chong Wang , Jian Zhang , Weisong Sun , Zhenyu Chen , Yang Liu

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems are pivotal in transcribing speech into text, yet the errors they introduce can significantly degrade the performance of downstream tasks like summarization. This issue is particularly pronounced…

Automatic software system optimization can improve software speed, reduce operating costs, and save energy. Traditional approaches to optimization rely on manual tuning and compiler heuristics, limiting their ability to generalize across…

By conditioning on natural language instructions, large language models (LLMs) have displayed impressive capabilities as general-purpose computers. However, task performance depends significantly on the quality of the prompt used to steer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Yongchao Zhou , Andrei Ioan Muresanu , Ziwen Han , Keiran Paster , Silviu Pitis , Harris Chan , Jimmy Ba

Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred interest in automatic evaluation methods for summarization, offering a faster, more cost-effective alternative to human evaluation. However, existing methods often fall short when applied to complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Ziwei Gong , Lin Ai , Harshsaiprasad Deshpande , Alexander Johnson , Emmy Phung , Zehui Wu , Ahmad Emami , Julia Hirschberg

Recent advances in test-time scaling have shown promising results in improving Large Language Model (LLM) performance through strategic computation allocation during inference. While this approach has demonstrated strong improvements in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Juntai Cao , Xiang Zhang , Raymond Li , Chuyuan Li , Chenyu You , Shafiq Joty , Giuseppe Carenini

A source code summary of a subroutine is a brief description of that subroutine. Summaries underpin a majority of documentation consumed by programmers, such as the method summaries in JavaDocs. Source code summarization is the task of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Alexander LeClair , Aakash Bansal , Collin McMillan

Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is a recently designed semantic representation language intended to capture the meaning of a sentence, which may be represented as a single-rooted directed acyclic graph with labeled nodes and edges.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Rafael T. Anchieta , Marco A. S. Cabezudo , Thiago A. S. Pardo

End-to-end speech summarization (E2E SSum) is a technique to directly generate summary sentences from speech. Compared with the cascade approach, which combines automatic speech recognition (ASR) and text summarization models, the E2E…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Kohei Matsuura , Takanori Ashihara , Takafumi Moriya , Tomohiro Tanaka , Atsunori Ogawa , Marc Delcroix , Ryo Masumura

Modern software systems heavily rely on various libraries, which require understanding the API semantics in static analysis. However, summarizing API semantics remains challenging due to complex implementations or unavailable library code.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Maryam Masoudian , Anshunkang Zhou , Chengpeng Wang , Charles Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in real-world applications. The capability of in-context learning (ICL) allows us to adapt an LLM to downstream tasks by including input-label exemplars in the prompt without…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zhaoxuan Wu , Xiaoqiang Lin , Zhongxiang Dai , Wenyang Hu , Yao Shu , See-Kiong Ng , Patrick Jaillet , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low