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A wide range of applications arising in machine learning and signal processing can be cast as convex optimization problems. These problems are often ill-posed, i.e., the optimal solution lacks a desired property such as uniqueness or…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-07-18 Mostafa Amini , Farzad Yousefian

Meta-learning owns unique effectiveness and swiftness in tackling emerging tasks with limited data. Its broad applicability is revealed by viewing it as a bi-level optimization problem. The resultant algorithmic viewpoint however, faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Yilang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Shijian Gao , Georgios B. Giannakis

Binary optimization is a powerful tool for modeling combinatorial problems, yet scalable and theoretically sound solution methods remain elusive. Conventional solvers often rely on heuristic strategies with weak guarantees or struggle with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Wenbo Liu , Akang Wang , Dun Ma , Hongyi Jiang , Jianghua Wu , Wenguo Yang

This paper reviews the gradient sampling methodology for solving nonsmooth, nonconvex optimization problems. An intuitively straightforward gradient sampling algorithm is stated and its convergence properties are summarized. Throughout this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-05-01 James V. Burke , Frank E. Curtis , Adrian S. Lewis , Michael L. Overton , Lucas E. A. Simões

Bilevel optimization is a hierarchical framework where an upper-level optimization problem is constrained by a lower-level problem, commonly used in machine learning applications such as hyperparameter optimization. Existing bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Yuman Wu , Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

Iteratively reweighted least square (IRLS) is a popular approach to solve sparsity-enforcing regression problems in machine learning. State of the art approaches are more efficient but typically rely on specific coordinate pruning schemes.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-03 Clarice Poon , Gabriel Peyré

We consider stochastic unconstrained bilevel optimization problems when only the first-order gradient oracles are available. While numerous optimization methods have been proposed for tackling bilevel problems, existing methods either tend…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-27 Jeongyeol Kwon , Dohyun Kwon , Stephen Wright , Robert Nowak

Recently, minimax optimization received renewed focus due to modern applications in machine learning, robust optimization, and reinforcement learning. The scale of these applications naturally leads to the use of first-order methods.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-07 Saeed Hajizadeh , Haihao Lu , Benjamin Grimmer

Beyond minimizing a single training loss, many deep learning estimation pipelines rely on an auxiliary objective to quantify and encourage desirable properties of the model (e.g. performance on another dataset, robustness, agreement with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Yu-Guan Hsieh , James Thornton , Eugene Ndiaye , Michal Klein , Marco Cuturi , Pierre Ablin

In this paper, we focus on the nonconvex-nonconvex bilevel optimization problem (BLO), where both upper-level and lower-level objectives are nonconvex, with the upper-level problem potentially being nonsmooth. We develop a two-timescale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-24 Nachuan Xiao , Xiaoyin Hu , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

In the paper, we propose a class of efficient adaptive bilevel methods based on mirror descent for nonconvex bilevel optimization, where its upper-level problem is nonconvex possibly with nonsmooth regularization, and its lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-21 Feihu Huang

This paper presents a comprehensive review of techniques proposed in the literature for solving bilevel optimization problems encountered in various real-life applications. Bilevel optimization is an appropriate choice for hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-06 Dhaval Pujara , Ankur Sinha

Bilevel optimization is characterized by a two-level optimization structure, where the upper-level problem is constrained by optimal lower-level solutions, and such structures are prevalent in real-world problems. The constraint by optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ruth Wan Theng Chew , Quoc Phong Nguyen , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Bilevel optimization enjoys a wide range of applications in emerging machine learning and signal processing problems such as hyper-parameter optimization, image reconstruction, meta-learning, adversarial training, and reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Han Shen , Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

Bilevel optimization problems are receiving increasing attention in machine learning as they provide a natural framework for hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. A key step to tackle these problems is the efficient computation of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-20 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo

Stochastic bilevel optimization, which captures the inherent nested structure of machine learning problems, is gaining popularity in many recent applications. Existing works on bilevel optimization mostly consider either unconstrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Quan Xiao , Han Shen , Wotao Yin , Tianyi Chen

Multi-material problems often exhibit complex geometries along with physical responses presenting large spatial gradients or discontinuities. In these cases, providing high-quality body-fitted finite element analysis meshes and obtaining…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-02-14 L. Noel , M. Schmidt , K. Doble , J. A. Evans , K. Maute

The modified Method of Successive Approximations (MSA) is an iterative scheme for approximating solutions to stochastic control problems in continuous time based on Pontryagin Optimality Principle which, starting with an initial open loop…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-10 Deven Sethi , David Šiška

This paper considers the smooth bilevel optimization in which the lower-level problem is strongly convex and the upper-level problem is possibly nonconvex. We focus on the stochastic setting where the algorithm can access the unbiased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zhuanghua Liu , Luo Luo

We consider the unconstrained optimization problem whose objective function is composed of a smooth and a non-smooth conponents where the smooth component is the expectation a random function. This type of problem arises in some interesting…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2011-07-01 Qihang Lin , Xi Chen , Javier Pena