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Pretraining large language models (LLMs) with next-token prediction has led to remarkable advances, yet the context-dependent nature of token embeddings in such models results in high intra-class variance and inter-class similarity, thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yan Sun , Guoxia Wang , Jinle Zeng , JiaBin Yang , Shuai Li , Li Shen , Dacheng Tao , DianHai Yu , Haifeng Wang

We consider language modelling (LM) as a multi-label structured prediction task by re-framing training from solely predicting a single ground-truth word to ranking a set of words which could continue a given context. To avoid annotating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Arvid Frydenlund , Gagandeep Singh , Frank Rudzicz

The modern autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved outstanding performance on NLP benchmarks, and they are deployed in the real world. However, they still suffer from limitations of the autoregressive training paradigm.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Justin Deschenaux , Caglar Gulcehre

Recurrent neural networks like long short-term memory (LSTM) are important architectures for sequential prediction tasks. LSTMs (and RNNs in general) model sequences along the forward time direction. Bidirectional LSTMs (Bi-LSTMs) on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-16 Samira Shabanian , Devansh Arpit , Adam Trischler , Yoshua Bengio

We propose a novel class of language models, Latent Thought Models (LTMs), which incorporate explicit latent thought vectors that follow an explicit prior model in latent space. These latent thought vectors guide the autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Deqian Kong , Minglu Zhao , Dehong Xu , Bo Pang , Shu Wang , Edouardo Honig , Zhangzhang Si , Chuan Li , Jianwen Xie , Sirui Xie , Ying Nian Wu

To drive progress in science and engineering, large language models (LLMs) must be able to process large amounts of numerical data and solve long calculations efficiently. This is currently only possible through the use of external tools or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Linus Kreitner , Paul Hager , Jonathan Mengedoht , Georgios Kaissis , Daniel Rueckert , Martin J. Menten

Named entity recognition (NER) models generally perform poorly when large training datasets are unavailable for low-resource domains. Recently, pre-training a large-scale language model has become a promising direction for coping with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Zihan Liu , Feijun Jiang , Yuxiang Hu , Chen Shi , Pascale Fung

We explore efficient strategies to fine-tune decoder-only Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream text classification under resource constraints. Two approaches are investigated: (1) attaching a classification head to a pretrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Amirhossein Yousefiramandi , Ciaran Cooney

Large language models have achieved remarkable success in general language understanding tasks. However, as a family of generative methods with the objective of next token prediction, the semantic evolution with the depth of these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Zhu Liu , Cunliang Kong , Ying Liu , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) such as Llama 2 perform very well on tasks that involve both natural language and source code, particularly code summarization and code generation. We show that for the task of code summarization, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Rajarshi Haldar , Julia Hockenmaier

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable generalization across diverse tasks, leading individuals to increasingly use them as personal assistants and universal computing engines. Nevertheless, a notable obstacle emerges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Dimitris Spathis , Fahim Kawsar

Existing pre-trained language models (PLMs) are often computationally expensive in inference, making them impractical in various resource-limited real-world applications. To address this issue, we propose a dynamic token reduction approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Deming Ye , Yankai Lin , Yufei Huang , Maosong Sun

In this paper, we introduce a novel weighted co-training approach that is guided by Large Language Models (LLMs). Namely, in our co-training approach, we use LLM labels on unlabeled data as target labels and co-train two encoder-only based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Md Mezbaur Rahman , Cornelia Caragea

Large language models (LLM) trained using the next-token-prediction objective, such as GPT3 and PaLM, have revolutionized natural language processing in recent years by showing impressive zero-shot and few-shot capabilities across a wide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Hao Liu , Xinyang Geng , Lisa Lee , Igor Mordatch , Sergey Levine , Sharan Narang , Pieter Abbeel

Bidirectional long short-term memory (bi-LSTM) networks have recently proven successful for various NLP sequence modeling tasks, but little is known about their reliance to input representations, target languages, data set size, and label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-22 Barbara Plank , Anders Søgaard , Yoav Goldberg

Named Entity Recognition (NER) encounters the challenge of unbalanced labels, where certain entity types are overrepresented while others are underrepresented in real-world datasets. This imbalance can lead to biased models that perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Abdul Rehman , Jian Jun Zhang , Xiaosong Yang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve remarkable empirical success through scaling model and data size, pretraining has become increasingly critical yet computationally prohibitive, hindering rapid development. Despite the availability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Ji Zhao , Yufei Gu , Shitong Shao , Xun Zhou , Liang Xiang , Zeke Xie

We study the problem of incorporating prior knowledge into a deep Transformer-based model,i.e.,Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), to enhance its performance on semantic textual matching tasks. By probing and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Tingyu Xia , Yue Wang , Yuan Tian , Yi Chang

The automatic detection of temporal relations among events has been mainly investigated with encoder-only models such as RoBERTa. Large Language Models (LLM) have recently shown promising performance in temporal reasoning tasks such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Gabriel Roccabruna , Massimo Rizzoli , Giuseppe Riccardi

Recently, fine-tuning pre-trained language models (e.g., multilingual BERT) to downstream cross-lingual tasks has shown promising results. However, the fine-tuning process inevitably changes the parameters of the pre-trained model and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Zihan Liu , Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung