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List-wise learning to rank methods are considered to be the state-of-the-art. One of the major problems with these methods is that the ambiguous nature of relevance labels in learning to rank data is ignored. Ambiguity of relevance labels…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-07-26 Rolf Jagerman , Julia Kiseleva , Maarten de Rijke

As a big data application, extreme multilabel classification has emerged as an important research topic with applications in ranking and recommendation of products and items. A scalable hybrid distributed and shared memory implementation of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Pawan Kumar

Vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP have demonstrated impressive zero-shot ability in image classification tasks by aligning text and images but suffer inferior performance compared with task-specific expert models. On the contrary,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Jia Zhang , Zhi Zhou , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

For extreme multi-label classification (XMC), existing classification-based models poorly perform for tail labels and often ignore the semantic relations among labels, like treating "Wikipedia" and "Wiki" as independent and separate labels.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Taehee Jung , Joo-Kyung Kim , Sungjin Lee , Dongyeop Kang

The propensity model introduced by Jain et al. 2016 has become a standard approach for dealing with missing and long-tail labels in extreme multi-label classification (XMLC). In this paper, we critically revise this approach showing that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Erik Schultheis , Marek Wydmuch , Rohit Babbar , Krzysztof Dembczyński

Multilingual e-commerce search suffers from severe data imbalance across languages, label noise, and limited supervision for low-resource languages--challenges that impede the cross-lingual generalization of relevance models despite the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yabo Yin , Yang Xi , Jialong Wang , Shanqi Wang , Jiateng Hu

Open vocabulary models (e.g. CLIP) have shown strong performance on zero-shot classification through their ability generate embeddings for each class based on their (natural language) names. Prior work has focused on improving the accuracy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Zachary Novack , Julian McAuley , Zachary C. Lipton , Saurabh Garg

This paper presents a novel solution, LEVER, designed to address the challenges posed by underperforming infrequent categories in Extreme Classification (XC) tasks. Infrequent categories, often characterized by sparse samples, suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ashutosh Agarwal

Extreme multi-label classification (XMLC) is a problem of tagging an instance with a small subset of relevant labels chosen from an extremely large pool of possible labels. Large label spaces can be efficiently handled by organizing labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Marek Wydmuch , Kalina Jasinska , Mikhail Kuznetsov , Róbert Busa-Fekete , Krzysztof Dembczyński

High-performance deep learning methods typically rely on large annotated training datasets, which are difficult to obtain in many clinical applications due to the high cost of medical image labeling. Existing data assessment methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Chun-Yin Huang , Qi Lei , Xiaoxiao Li

Deep learning for Information Retrieval (IR) requires a large amount of high-quality query-document relevance labels, but such labels are inherently sparse. Label smoothing redistributes some observed probability mass over unobserved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Jihyuk Kim , Minsoo Kim , Seung-won Hwang

Open-vocabulary Extreme Multi-label Classification (OXMC) extends traditional XMC by allowing prediction beyond an extremely large, predefined label set (typically $10^3$ to $10^{12}$ labels), addressing the dynamic nature of real-world…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Ranran Haoran Zhang , Bensu Uçar , Soumik Dey , Hansi Wu , Binbin Li , Rui Zhang

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) constructs classifiers from datasets in which only a subset of observations is labelled, a situation that naturally arises because obtaining labels often requires expert judgement or costly manual effort. This…

Computation · Statistics 2025-12-09 Geoffrey J. McLachlan , Jinran Wu

The eXtreme Multi-label text Classification(XMC) refers to training a classifier that assigns a text sample with relevant labels from an extremely large-scale label set (e.g., millions of labels). We propose MatchXML, an efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Hui Ye , Rajshekhar Sunderraman , Shihao Ji

Deep extreme classification (XC) aims to train an encoder architecture and an accompanying classifier architecture to tag a data point with the most relevant subset of labels from a very large universe of labels. XC applications in ranking,…

Learning from imprecise labels such as "animal" or "bird", but making precise predictions like "snow bunting" at inference time is an important capability for any classifier when expertly labeled training data is scarce. Contributions by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Clemens-Alexander Brust , Björn Barz , Joachim Denzler

Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMC) involves learning a classifier that can assign an input with a subset of most relevant labels from millions of label choices. Recent works in this domain have increasingly focused on a symmetric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Siddhant Kharbanda , Devaansh Gupta , Erik Schultheis , Atmadeep Banerjee , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Rohit Babbar

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) refers to the problem of tagging a given text with the most relevant subset of labels from a large label set. A majority of labels only have a few training instances due to large label…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Yuan Wang , Huiling Song , Peng Huo , Tao Xu , Jucheng Yang , Yarui Chen , Tingting Zhao

Generalized category discovery presents a challenge in a realistic scenario, which requires the model's generalization ability to recognize unlabeled samples from known and unknown categories. This paper revisits the challenge of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Zhaorui Tan , Chengrui Zhang , Xi Yang , Jie Sun , Kaizhu Huang

Extreme multi-label classification (XMLC) is a learning task of tagging instances with a small subset of relevant labels chosen from an extremely large pool of possible labels. Problems of this scale can be efficiently handled by organizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Kalina Jasinska-Kobus , Marek Wydmuch , Krzysztof Dembczynski , Mikhail Kuznetsov , Robert Busa-Fekete