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Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been successfully applied for whole slide images (WSIs) analysis in computational pathology, enabling a wide range of prediction tasks from tumor subtyping to inferring genetic mutations and multi-omics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Junyu Li , Ye Zhang , Wen Shu , Xiaobing Feng , Yingchun Wang , Pengju Yan , Xiaolin Li , Chulin Sha , Min He

Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification remains a challenge due to their extremely high resolution and the absence of fine-grained labels. Presently, WSI classification is usually regarded as a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Hongyi Wang , Luyang Luo , Fang Wang , Ruofeng Tong , Yen-Wei Chen , Hongjie Hu , Lanfen Lin , Hao Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as a promising direction in computational pathology, the substantial computational cost of giga-pixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) necessitates the use of Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) to enable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhenfeng Zhuang , Fangyu Zhou , Liansheng Wang

Increased levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in cancer tissue indicate favourable outcomes in many types of cancer. Manual quantification of immune cells is inaccurate and time consuming for pathologists. Our aim is to leverage…

Multimodal machine learning integrating histopathology and molecular data shows promise for cancer prognostication. We systematically reviewed studies combining whole slide images (WSIs) and high-throughput omics to predict overall…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-30 Charlotte Jennings , Andrew Broad , Lucy Godson , Emily Clarke , David Westhead , Darren Treanor

Whole slide image (WSI) classification often relies on deep weakly supervised multiple instance learning (MIL) methods to handle gigapixel resolution images and slide-level labels. Yet the decent performance of deep learning comes from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Jiawei Yang , Hanbo Chen , Yu Zhao , Fan Yang , Yao Zhang , Lei He , Jianhua Yao

In the field of computational pathology, the use of decision support systems powered by state-of-the-art deep learning solutions has been hampered by the lack of large labeled datasets. Until recently, studies relied on datasets in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-01 Gabriele Campanella , Vitor Werneck Krauss Silva , Thomas J. Fuchs

Deep learning methods such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are difficult to directly utilize to analyze whole slide images (WSIs) due to the large image dimensions. We overcome this limitation by proposing a novel two-stage…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-15 Shivam Kalra , Mohammed Adnan , Sobhan Hemati , Taher Dehkharghanian , Shahryar Rahnamayan , Hamid Tizhoosh

Multiple Instance Learning is the predominant method for Whole Slide Image classification in digital pathology, enabling the use of slide-level labels to supervise model training. Although MIL eliminates the tedious fine-grained annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Chen Shu , Boyu Fu , Yiman Li , Ting Yin , Wenchuan Zhang , Jie Chen , Yuhao Yi , Hong Bu

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has demonstrated promise in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, a major challenge persists due to the high computational cost associated with processing these gigapixel images. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Hongyi Wang , Luyang Luo , Fang Wang , Ruofeng Tong , Yen-Wei Chen , Hongjie Hu , Lanfen Lin , Hao Chen

Enhancing the robustness of deep learning models against adversarial attacks is crucial, especially in critical domains like healthcare where significant financial interests heighten the risk of such attacks. Whole slide images (WSIs) are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Saba Heidari Gheshlaghi , Milan Aryal , Nasim Yahyasoltani , Masoud Ganji

Considering the profound transformation affecting pathology practice, we aimed to develop a scalable artificial intelligence (AI) system to diagnose colorectal cancer from whole-slide images (WSI). For this, we propose a deep learning (DL)…

Several deep learning algorithms have been developed to predict survival of cancer patients using whole slide images (WSIs).However, identification of image phenotypes within the WSIs that are relevant to patient survival and disease…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-30 Xingyu Li , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Min Cen , Hong Zhang , Xu Steven Xu

Recent advances in whole-slide image (WSI) scanners and computational capabilities have significantly propelled the application of artificial intelligence in histopathology slide analysis. While these strides are promising, current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Weiyi Wu , Chongyang Gao , Joseph DiPalma , Soroush Vosoughi , Saeed Hassanpour

Objective: We develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system using deep learning approaches for lesion detection and classification on whole-slide images (WSIs) with breast cancer. The deep features being distinguishing in classification…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-29 Wei-Wen Hsu , Yongfang Wu , Chang Hao , Yu-Ling Hou , Xiang Gao , Yun Shao , Xueli Zhang , Tao He , Yanhong Tai

In the realm of digital pathology, multi-magnification Multiple Instance Learning (multi-mag MIL) has proven effective in leveraging the hierarchical structure of Whole Slide Images (WSIs) to reduce information loss and redundant data.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Yujian Liu , Ruoxuan Wu , Xinjie Shen , Zihuang Lu , Lingyu Liang , Haiyu Zhou , Shipu Xu , Shaoai Cai , Shidang Xu

Recent advancements in computational pathology have produced patch-level Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), but these models are limited by their inability to analyze whole slide images (WSIs) comprehensively and their tendency to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yuci Liang , Xinheng Lyu , Wenting Chen , Meidan Ding , Jipeng Zhang , Xiangjian He , Song Wu , Xiaohan Xing , Sen Yang , Xiyue Wang , Linlin Shen

With the development of digital imaging in medical microscopy, artificial intelligent-based analysis of pathological whole slide images (WSIs) provides a powerful tool for cancer diagnosis. Limited by the expensive cost of pixel-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jiawen Li , Qiehe Sun , Renao Yan , Yizhi Wang , Yuqiu Fu , Yani Wei , Tian Guan , Huijuan Shi , Yonghonghe He , Anjia Han

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become the leading approach for extracting discriminative features from whole slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology. Attention-based MIL methods can identify key patches but tend to overlook…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Lubin Gan , Xiaoman Wu , Jing Zhang , Zhifeng Wang , Linhao Qu , Siying Wu , Xiaoyan Sun

Digital whole slides images contain an enormous amount of information providing a strong motivation for the development of automated image analysis tools. Particularly deep neural networks show high potential with respect to various tasks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Michael Gadermayr , Maximilian Tschuchnig