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The Shapley value has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine-learning model on an input to its base features. The use of the Shapley value is justified by citing [16] showing that it is the \emph{unique} method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Mukund Sundararajan , Amir Najmi

Shapley values are model-agnostic methods for explaining model predictions. Many commonly used methods of computing Shapley values, known as off-manifold methods, rely on model evaluations on out-of-distribution input samples. Consequently,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-28 Muhammad Faaiz Taufiq , Patrick Blöbaum , Lenon Minorics

Explainable artificial intelligence promises to yield insights into relevant features, thereby enabling humans to examine and scrutinize machine learning models or even facilitating scientific discovery. Considering the widespread technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jörg Martin , Stefan Haufe

Shapley value has recently become a popular way to explain the predictions of complex and simple machine learning models. This paper is discusses the factors that influence Shapley value. In particular, we explore the relationship between…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-24 Harsh Kumar , Jithu Chandran

While machine learning (ML) models are increasingly used due to their high predictive power, their use in understanding the data-generating process (DGP) is limited. Understanding the DGP requires insights into feature-target associations,…

Probabilistic graphical models, such as Markov random fields (MRF), exploit dependencies among random variables to model a rich family of joint probability distributions. Sophisticated inference algorithms, such as belief propagation (BP),…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Yifei Liu , Chao Chen , Xi Zhang , Sihong Xie

Shapley values has established itself as one of the most appropriate and theoretically sound frameworks for explaining predictions from complex machine learning models. The popularity of Shapley values in the explanation setting is probably…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-24 Martin Jullum , Annabelle Redelmeier , Kjersti Aas

Originally introduced in game theory, Shapley values have emerged as a central tool in explainable machine learning, where they are used to attribute model predictions to specific input features. However, computing Shapley values exactly is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Christopher Musco , R. Teal Witter

As opaque black-box predictive models become more prevalent, the need to develop interpretations for these models is of great interest. The concept of variable importance and Shapley values are interpretability measures that applies to any…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-10 Zexuan Sun , Garvesh Raskutti

Distributional data Shapley value (DShapley) has recently been proposed as a principled framework to quantify the contribution of individual datum in machine learning. DShapley develops the foundational game theory concept of Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-19 Yongchan Kwon , Manuel A. Rivas , James Zou

We propose probabilistic Shapley inference (PSI), a novel probabilistic framework to model and infer sufficient statistics of feature attributions in flexible predictive models, via latent random variables whose mean recovers Shapley…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Mert Ketenci , Iñigo Urteaga , Victor Alfonso Rodriguez , Noémie Elhadad , Adler Perotte

Feature importance techniques have enjoyed widespread attention in the explainable AI literature as a means of determining how trained machine learning models make their predictions. We consider Shapley value based approaches to feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Mattia Villani , Joshua Lockhart , Daniele Magazzeni

A number of techniques have been proposed to explain a machine learning model's prediction by attributing it to the corresponding input features. Popular among these are techniques that apply the Shapley value method from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Luke Merrick , Ankur Taly

Shapley values originated in cooperative game theory but are extensively used today as a model-agnostic explanation framework to explain predictions made by complex machine learning models in the industry and academia. There are several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-15 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Ingrid Kristine Glad , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas

Explaining the predictions of opaque machine learning algorithms is an important and challenging task, especially as complex models are increasingly used to assist in high-stakes decisions such as those arising in healthcare and finance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 David S. Watson

As the decisions made or influenced by machine learning models increasingly impact our lives, it is crucial to detect, understand, and mitigate unfairness. But even simply determining what "unfairness" should mean in a given context is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Tom Begley , Tobias Schwedes , Christopher Frye , Ilya Feige

In recent years, the Shapley value and SHAP explanations have emerged as one of the most dominant paradigms for providing post-hoc explanations of black-box models. Despite their well-founded theoretical properties, many recent works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 James Enouen , Yan Liu

Feature attribution methods help make machine learning-based inference explainable by determining how much one or several features have contributed to a model's output. A particularly popular attribution method is based on the Shapley value…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Filip Naudot , Tobias Sundqvist , Timotheus Kampik

We consider the dataset valuation problem, that is, the problem of quantifying the incremental gain, to some relevant pre-defined utility of a machine learning task, of aggregating an individual dataset to others. The Shapley value is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Felipe Garrido-Lucero , Benjamin Heymann , Maxime Vono , Patrick Loiseau , Vianney Perchet

Missing data is a prevalent issue that can significantly impair model performance and explainability. This paper briefly summarizes the development of the field of missing data with respect to Explainable Artificial Intelligence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Tuan L. Vo , Thu Nguyen , Luis M. Lopez-Ramos , Hugo L. Hammer , Michael A. Riegler , Pal Halvorsen