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Adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to specific tasks introduces concerns about computational efficiency, prompting an exploration of efficient methods such as In-Context Learning (ICL). However, the vulnerability of ICL to privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Rui Wen , Zheng Li , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Recent explorations with commercial Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown that non-expert users can jailbreak LLMs by simply manipulating their prompts; resulting in degenerate output behavior, privacy and security breaches, offensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Abhinav Rao , Sachin Vashistha , Atharva Naik , Somak Aditya , Monojit Choudhury

Prompt injection attacks exploit vulnerabilities in large language models (LLMs) to manipulate the model into unintended actions or generate malicious content. As LLM integrated applications gain wider adoption, they face growing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Daniel Wankit Yip , Aysan Esmradi , Chun Fai Chan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown greatly enhanced performance in recent years, attributed to increased size and extensive training data. This advancement has led to widespread interest and adoption across industries and the public.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Victoria Smith , Ali Shahin Shamsabadi , Carolyn Ashurst , Adrian Weller

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced critical security challenges, where adversarial actors can manipulate input prompts to cause significant harm and circumvent safety alignments. These prompt-based attacks…

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across various fields, yet their increasing use raises critical security concerns. This article reviews recent literature addressing key issues in LLM security, with a focus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Benji Peng , Keyu Chen , Ming Li , Pohsun Feng , Ziqian Bi , Junyu Liu , Xinyuan Song , Qian Niu

Automatically extracting effective queries is challenging in information retrieval, especially in toxic content exploration, as such content is likely to be disguised. With the recent achievements in generative Large Language Model (LLM),…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shaola Ren , Li Ke , Longtao Huang , Dehong Gao , Hui Xue

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being extensively used for cybersecurity purposes. One of them is the detection of vulnerable codes. For the sake of efficiency and effectiveness, compression and fine-tuning techniques are being developed,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Luis Ibanez-Lissen , Lorena Gonzalez-Manzano , Jose Maria de Fuentes , Nicolas Anciaux

This study sheds light on the imperative need to bolster safety and privacy measures in large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4 and LLaMA-2, by identifying and mitigating their vulnerabilities through explainable analysis of prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Dong Shu , Mingyu Jin , Tianle Chen , Chong Zhang , Yongfeng Zhang

Generative AI and large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential for automating the extraction of structured information from web pages. In this work, we focus on food product pages from online retailers and explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Christoph Brosch , Sian Brumm , Rolf Krieger , Jonas Scheffler

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising phishing detection mechanism, addressing the limitations of traditional deep learning-based detectors, including poor generalization to previously unseen websites and a lack of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Fujiao Ji , Doowon Kim

Phishing attacks remain a significant threat to modern cybersecurity, as they successfully deceive both humans and the defense mechanisms intended to protect them. Traditional detection systems primarily focus on email metadata that users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Even Eilertsen , Vasileios Mavroeidis , Gudmund Grov

Phishing has become a prominent risk in modern cybersecurity, often used to bypass technological defences by exploiting predictable human behaviour. Warning dialogues are a standard mitigation measure, but the lack of explanatory clarity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Federico Maria Cau , Giuseppe Desolda , Francesco Greco , Lucio Davide Spano , Luca Viganò

Hate speech has emerged as a major problem plaguing our social spaces today. While there have been significant efforts to address this problem, existing methods are still significantly limited in effectively detecting hate speech online. A…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Keyan Guo , Alexander Hu , Jaden Mu , Ziheng Shi , Ziming Zhao , Nishant Vishwamitra , Hongxin Hu

Coding agents and LLM-powered applications routinely send potentially sensitive content to cloud LLM APIs where it may be logged, retained, used for training, or subpoenaed. Existing privacy tooling focuses on network-level encryption and…

Voice phishing (vishing) remains a persistent threat in cybersecurity, exploiting human trust through persuasive speech. While machine learning (ML)-based classifiers have shown promise in detecting malicious call transcripts, they remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Wenhao Li , Selvakumar Manickam , Yung-wey Chong , Shankar Karuppayah

Insider threats wield an outsized influence on organizations, disproportionate to their small numbers. This is due to the internal access insiders have to systems, information, and infrastructure. %One example of this influence is where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Haywood Gelman , John D. Hastings

Large Language Models (LLMs) pose significant privacy risks, potentially leaking training data due to implicit memorization. Existing privacy attacks primarily focus on membership inference attacks (MIAs) or data extraction attacks, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wenlong Meng , Zhenyuan Guo , Lenan Wu , Chen Gong , Wenyan Liu , Weixian Li , Chengkun Wei , Wenzhi Chen

Phishing has long been a common tactic used by cybercriminals and continues to pose a significant threat in today's digital world. When phishing attacks become more advanced and sophisticated, there is an increasing need for effective…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Catherine Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities to generate responses that simulate consistent personality traits. Despite the major attempts to analyze personality expression through output-based evaluations, little…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Tianjie Ju , Zhenyu Shao , Bowen Wang , Yujia Chen , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hao Fei , Mong-Li Lee , Wynne Hsu , Sufeng Duan , Gongshen Liu