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Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI applications, yet their enormous computational demands severely limit deployment and real-time performance. Quantization methods can help reduce computational costs, however, attaining the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Shaobo Ma , Chao Fang , Haikuo Shao , Zhongfeng Wang

Ternary quantization has emerged as a powerful technique for reducing both computational and memory footprint of large language models (LLM), enabling efficient real-time inference deployment without significantly compromising model…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zhirui Huang , Rui Ma , Shijie Cao , Ran Shu , Ian Wang , Ting Cao , Chixiao Chen , Yongqiang Xiong

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is a critical kernel in high-performance computing and deep learning. While modern architectures like ARM's Scalable Matrix Extension (SME) introduce dedicated hardware for matrix operations, existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Chencheng Deng , Weiling Yang , Jianbin Fang , Dezun Dong

The advent of 1-bit large language models (LLMs), led by BitNet b1.58, has spurred interest in ternary LLMs. Despite this, research and practical applications focusing on efficient edge inference for ternary LLMs remain scarce. To bridge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jinheng Wang , Hansong Zhou , Ting Song , Shijie Cao , Yan Xia , Ting Cao , Jianyu Wei , Shuming Ma , Hongyu Wang , Furu Wei

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), the demand for high-performance LLM inference services continues to grow. To meet this demand, a growing number of AI accelerators have been proposed, such as Google TPU, Huawei…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Tianhao Zhu , Dahu Feng , Erhu Feng , Yubin Xia

The substantial memory bandwidth and computational demands of large language models (LLMs) present critical challenges for efficient inference. To tackle this, the literature has explored heterogeneous systems that combine neural processing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yuzong Chen , Chao Fang , Xilai Dai , Yuheng Wu , Thierry Tambe , Marian Verhelst , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various artificial intelligence tasks. However, their enormous sizes and computational demands pose significant challenges for the deployment on edge devices. To address…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Kai Zhang , Hengtao He , Shenghui Song , Jun Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various fields, from natural language understanding to text generation. Compared to non-generative LLMs like BERT and DeBERTa, generative LLMs like GPT series and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jinhao Li , Jiaming Xu , Shan Huang , Yonghua Chen , Wen Li , Jun Liu , Yaoxiu Lian , Jiayi Pan , Li Ding , Hao Zhou , Yu Wang , Guohao Dai

Data movement in memory-intensive workloads, such as deep learning, incurs energy costs that are over three orders of magnitude higher than the cost of computation. Since these workloads involve frequent data transfers between memory and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Bahareh Khabbazan , Marc Riera , Antonio González

Lookup tables (LUTs) are frequently used to efficiently store arrays of precomputed values for complex mathematical computations. When used in the context of neural networks, these functions exhibit a lack of recognizable patterns which…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Oliver Cassidy , Marta Andronic , Samuel Coward , George A. Constantinides

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved huge success in the natural language processing (NLP) field, driving a growing demand to extend their deployment from the cloud to edge devices. However, deploying LLMs on…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Yanbiao Liang , Huihong Shi , Haikuo Shao , Zhongfeng Wang

Lookup tables (LUTs) have recently gained attention as an alternative compute mechanism that maps input operands to precomputed results, eliminating the need for arithmetic logic. LUTs not only reduce logic complexity, but also naturally…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Junguk Hong , Changmin Shin , Sukjin Kim , Si Ung Noh , Taehee Kwon , Seongyeon Park , Hanjun Kim , Youngsok Kim , Jinho Lee

In this paper, we propose MCUBERT to enable language models like BERT on tiny microcontroller units (MCUs) through network and scheduling co-optimization. We observe the embedding table contributes to the major storage bottleneck for tiny…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Zebin Yang , Renze Chen , Taiqiang Wu , Ngai Wong , Yun Liang , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang , Meng Li

The computational and memory challenges of large language models (LLMs) have sparked several optimization approaches towards their efficient implementation. While prior LLM-targeted quantization, and prior works on sparse acceleration have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Abhishek Moitra , Arkapravo Ghosh , Shrey Agarwal , Aporva Amarnath , Karthik Swaminathan , Priyadarshini Panda

Transformer based Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely used in many fields, and the efficiency of LLM inference becomes hot topic in real applications. However, LLMs are usually complicatedly designed in model structure with…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Hui Wu , Yi Gan , Feng Yuan , Jing Ma , Wei Zhu , Yutao Xu , Hong Zhu , Yuhua Zhu , Xiaoli Liu , Jinghui Gu , Peng Zhao

The emergence of neural network capabilities invariably leads to a significant surge in computational demands due to expanding model sizes and increased computational complexity. To reduce model size and lower inference costs, recent…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Guoyu Li , Shengyu Ye , Chunyun Chen , Yang Wang , Fan Yang , Ting Cao , Cheng Liu , Mohamed M. Sabry , Mao Yang

Major challenges in LLMs inference remain frequent memory bandwidth bottlenecks, computational redundancy, and inefficiencies in long-sequence processing. To address these issues, we propose LLM-CoOpt, a comprehensive algorithmhardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jie Kong , Wei Wang , Jiehan Zhou , Chen Yu

We present "GEMM-like Tensor-Tensor multiplication" (GETT), a novel approach to tensor contractions that mirrors the design of a high-performance general matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM). The critical insight behind GETT is the…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Paul Springer , Paolo Bientinesi

Large language models (LLMs) face significant inference latency due to inefficiencies in GEMM operations, weight access, and KV cache access, especially in real-time scenarios. This highlights the need for a versatile compute-memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Huizheng Wang , Zichuan Wang , Zhiheng Yue , Yousheng Long , Taiquan Wei , Jianxun Yang , Yang Wang , Chao Li , Shaojun Wei , Yang Hu , Shouyi Yin

Small Language Models (SLMs, or on-device LMs) have significantly fewer parameters than Large Language Models (LLMs). They are typically deployed on low-end devices, like mobile phones and single-board computers. Unlike LLMs, which rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Mingxue Xu , Yao Lei Xu , Danilo P. Mandic