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Large language models can perform various reasoning tasks by using chain-of-thought prompting, which guides them to find answers through step-by-step demonstrations. However, the quality of the prompts depends on the demonstrations given to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Zhihong Shao , Yeyun Gong , Yelong Shen , Minlie Huang , Nan Duan , Weizhu Chen

Reasoning quality in large language models depends not only on producing correct answers but also on generating valid intermediate steps. We study this through multiple-choice question answering (MCQA), which provides a controlled setting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Raphael Schumann , Stefan Riezler

Community Question Answering (CQA) websites have become valuable repositories which host a massive volume of human knowledge. To maximize the utility of such knowledge, it is essential to evaluate the quality of an existing question or…

Databases · Computer Science 2018-07-09 Yuan Yao , Hanghang Tong , Tao Xie , Leman Akoglu , Feng Xu , Jian Lu

Chart question answering (CQA) is a task used for assessing chart comprehension, which is fundamentally different from understanding natural images. CQA requires analyzing the relationships between the textual and the visual components of a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Matan Levy , Rami Ben-Ari , Dani Lischinski

Most works on modeling the conversation history in Conversational Question Answering (CQA) report a single main result on a common CQA benchmark. While existing models show impressive results on CQA leaderboards, it remains unclear whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Zorik Gekhman , Nadav Oved , Orgad Keller , Idan Szpektor , Roi Reichart

Our goal is a question-answering (QA) system that can show how its answers are implied by its own internal beliefs via a systematic chain of reasoning. Such a capability would allow better understanding of why a model produced the answer it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Oyvind Tafjord , Bhavana Dalvi Mishra , Peter Clark

Community question answering (CQA) represents the type of Web applications where people can exchange knowledge via asking and answering questions. One significant challenge of most real-world CQA systems is the lack of effective matching…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Xianzhi Wang , Chaoran Huang , Lina Yao , Boualem Benatallah , Manqing Dong

Formal query building is an important part of complex question answering over knowledge bases. It aims to build correct executable queries for questions. Recent methods try to rank candidate queries generated by a state-transition strategy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Yongrui Chen , Huiying Li , Yuncheng Hua , Guilin Qi

Chain of Thought (CoT) prompting can encourage language models to engage in multi-step logical reasoning. The quality of the provided demonstrations significantly influences the success of downstream inference tasks. Current unsupervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yufeng Zhang , Xuepeng Wang , Lingxiang Wu , Jinqiao Wang

Deductive verification typically relies on function contracts that specify the behavior of each function for a single function call. Relational properties link several function calls together within a single specification. They can express…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Lionel Blatter , Nikolai Kosmatov , Virgile Prevosto , Pascale Le Gall

Existential rules have been proposed for representing ontological knowledge, specifically in the context of Ontology-Based Query Answering. Entailment with existential rules is undecidable. We focus in this paper on conditions that ensure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-07-28 Jean-Francois Baget , Fabien Garreau , Marie-Laure Mugnier , Swan Rocher

Resolving knowledge conflicts is a crucial challenge in Question Answering (QA) tasks, as the internet contains numerous conflicting facts and opinions. While some research has made progress in tackling ambiguous settings where multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Sagi Shaier , Ari Kobren , Philip Ogren

Question-answering software is becoming increasingly integrated into our daily lives, with prominent examples including Apple Siri and Amazon Alexa. Ensuring the quality of such systems is critical, as incorrect answers could lead to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Shuang Liu , Zhirun Zhang , Jinhao Dong , Zan Wang , Qingchao Shen , Junjie Chen , Wei Lu , Xiaoyong Du

Long-form question answering (LFQA) poses a challenge as it involves generating detailed answers in the form of paragraphs, which go beyond simple yes/no responses or short factual answers. While existing QA models excel in questions with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Pritom Saha Akash , Kashob Kumar Roy , Lucian Popa , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

The use of function contracts to specify the behavior of functions often remains limited to the scope of a single function call. Relational properties link several function calls together within a single specification. They can express more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Lionel Blatter , Nikolai Kosmatov , Virgile Prevosto , Pascale Le Gall

When Question-Answering (QA) systems are deployed in the real world, users query them through a variety of interfaces, such as speaking to voice assistants, typing questions into a search engine, or even translating questions to languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Abhilasha Ravichander , Siddharth Dalmia , Maria Ryskina , Florian Metze , Eduard Hovy , Alan W Black

When answering a question, humans utilize the information available across different modalities to synthesize a consistent and complete chain of thought (CoT). This process is normally a black box in the case of deep learning models like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Pan Lu , Swaroop Mishra , Tony Xia , Liang Qiu , Kai-Wei Chang , Song-Chun Zhu , Oyvind Tafjord , Peter Clark , Ashwin Kalyan

Chain-of-Thought reasoning can enhance large language models, but it requires manually designed prompts to guide the model. Recently proposed CoT-decoding enables the model to generate CoT-style reasoning paths without prompts, but it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Guanran Luo , Wentao Qiu , Zhongquan Jian , Meihong Wang , Qingqiang Wu

Consistent Query Answering (CQA) is the problem of computing from a database the answers to a query that are consistent with respect to certain integrity constraints that the database, as a whole, may fail to satisfy. Consistent answers…

Databases · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Andrei Lopatenko , Leopoldo Bertossi

Question Answering (QA) is not a new research field in Natural Language Processing (NLP). However in recent years, QA has been a subject of growing study. Nowadays, most of the QA systems have a similar pipelined architecture and each…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-05-09 Ricardo Pires