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Flaky tests are tests that pass and fail on different executions of the same version of a program under test. They waste valuable developer time by making developers investigate false alerts (flaky test failures). To deal with this problem,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Guillaume Haben , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Flaky tests, which pass or fail inconsistently without code changes, are a major challenge in software engineering in general and in quantum software engineering in particular due to their complexity and probabilistic nature, leading to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Janakan Sivaloganathan , Ainaz Jamshidi , Andriy Miranskyy , Lei Zhang

Flaky tests have gained attention from the research community in recent years and with good reason. These tests lead to wasted time and resources, and they reduce the reliability of the test suites and build systems they affect. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Alan Romano , Zihe Song , Sampath Grandhi , Wei Yang , Weihang Wang

Flaky tests can pass or fail non-deterministically, without alterations to a software system. Such tests are frequently encountered by developers and hinder the credibility of test suites. State-of-the-art research incorporates machine…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Shizhe Lin , Ryan Zheng He Liu , Ladan Tahvildari

Test flakiness is a common problem in industry, which hinders the reliability of automated build and testing workflows. Most existing research on test flakiness has primarily focused on unit and small-scale integration tests. In contrast,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Man Zhang , Chongyang Shen , Andrea Arcuri , Tao Yue

Flaky tests are a common problem in software testing. They produce inconsistent results when executed multiple times on the same code, invalidating the assumption that a test failure indicates a software defect. Recent work on LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Sebastian Baltes

Web end-to-end (e2e) testing evaluates the workflow of a web application. It simulates real-world user scenarios to ensure the application flows behave as expected. However, web e2e tests are notorious for being flaky, i.e., the tests can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Xinyue Liu , Zihe Song , Weike Fang , Wei Yang , Weihang Wang

Docker, the industry standard for packaging and deploying applications, leverages Infrastructure as Code (IaC) principles to facilitate the creation of images through Dockerfiles. However, maintaining Dockerfiles presents significant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Emna Ksontini , Meriem Mastouri , Rania Khalsi , Wael Kessentini

Developers always wish to ensure that their latest changes to the code base do not break existing functionality. If test cases fail, they expect these failures to be connected to the submitted changes. Unfortunately, a flaky test can be the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Azeem Ahmad , Ola Leifler , Kristian Sandahl

Large language models perform reliably when their outputs can be checked: solving equations, writing code, retrieving facts. They perform differently when checking is impossible, as when a clinician chooses an irreversible treatment on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Alejandro R Jadad

Large Language Model (LLM) libraries have emerged as the foundational infrastructure powering today's AI revolution, serving as the backbone for LLM deployment, inference optimization, fine-tuning, and production serving across diverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Weipeng Jiang , Xiaoyu Zhang , Xiaofei Xie , Jiongchi Yu , Yuhan Zhi , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen

Software testing assures that code changes do not adversely affect existing functionality. However, a test case can be flaky, i.e., passing and failing across executions, even for the same version of the source code. Flaky test cases…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Sakina Fatima , Taher A. Ghaleb , Lionel Briand

Non-deterministically behaving test cases cause developers to lose trust in their regression test suites and to eventually ignore failures. Detecting flaky tests is therefore a crucial task in maintaining code quality, as it builds the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Martin Gruber , Michael Heine , Norbert Oster , Michael Philippsen , Gordon Fraser

Software systems have been continuously evolved and delivered with high quality due to the widespread adoption of automated tests. A recurring issue hurting this scenario is the presence of flaky tests, a test case that may pass or fail…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 B. H. P. Camara , M. A. G. Silva , A. T. Endo , S. R. Vergilio

Prior research has extensively studied flaky tests in various domains, such as web applications, mobile applications, and other open-source projects in a range of multiple programing languages, including Java, Javascript, Python, Ruby, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Tom Schroeder , Minh Phan , Yang Chen

Like classical software, quantum software systems rely on automated testing. However, their inherently probabilistic outputs make them susceptible to quantum flakiness -- tests that pass or fail inconsistently without code changes. Such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Janakan Sivaloganathan , Ainaz Jamshidi , Andriy Miranskyy , Lei Zhang

We present FLUKE (Framework for LingUistically-driven and tasK-agnostic robustness Evaluation), a framework for assessing model robustness through systematic minimal variations of test data. FLUKE introduces controlled variations across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yulia Otmakhova , Hung Thinh Truong , Rahmad Mahendra , Zenan Zhai , Rongxin Zhu , Daniel Beck , Jey Han Lau

Flaky tests yield different results when executed multiple times for the same version of the source code. Thus, they provide an ambiguous signal about the quality of the code and interfere with the automated assessment of code changes.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Sebastian Baltes

In recent years, software engineers have explored ways to assist quantum software programmers. Our goal in this paper is to continue this exploration and see if quantum software programmers deal with some problems plaguing classical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Lei Zhang , Mahsa Radnejad , Andriy Miranskyy

With the rapid development of large language models (LLMs), distributed training and inference frameworks like DeepSpeed have become essential for scaling model training and inference across multiple GPUs or nodes. However, the increasing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Xiao Yu , Haoxuan Chen , Feifei Niu , Xing Hu , Jacky Wai Keung , Xin Xia