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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) represent transformative technologies for next-generation wireless communications, offering advanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation. While RIS have been extensively studied, Stacked…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-12 Andrea Abrardo , Giulio Bartoli , Alberto Toccafondi

The integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) into future wireless communication systems offers promising capabilities in dynamic environment shaping and spectrum efficiency. In this work, we present a consistent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Ivan Iudice , Giacinto Gelli , Donatella Darsena

We consider an Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS)-aided multiple-input single-output (MISO) system for downlink transmission. We compare the performance of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and conventional optimization methods in finding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Amal Feriani , Amine Mezghani , Ekram Hossain

This letter investigates the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted multiple-input single-output (MISO) wireless system, where both half-duplex (HD) and full-duplex (FD) operating modes are considered together, for the first time…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-12 Alice Faisal , Ibrahim Al-Nahhal , Octavia A. Dobre , Telex M. N. Ngatched

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of wireless propagation. Beyond environmental deployments, integrating metasurfaces at the antenna front end allows direct manipulation of the radiated electromagnetic…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Wali Ullah Khan , Sourabh Solanki , George C. Alexandropoulos , Symeon Chatzinotas

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) is a revolutionary technology, which can outperform its single-layer counterparts by performing advanced signal processing relying on wave propagation. In this work, we exploit SIM to enable transmit…

Reconfigurable intelligent surface has recently emerged as a promising technology for shaping the wireless environment by leveraging massive low-cost reconfigurable elements. Prior works mainly focus on a single-layer metasurface that lacks…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Jiancheng An , Marco Di Renzo , Merouane Debbah , Chau Yuen

Intelligent metasurfaces may be harnessed for realizing efficient holographic multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems, at a low hardware-cost and high energy-efficiency. As part of this family, we propose a hybrid beamforming…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Chao Xu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) represent a breakthrough in wireless hardware by comprising multilayer, programmable metasurfaces capable of analog computing in the electromagnetic (EM) wave domain. By examining their architectural…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Hetong Wang , Yashuai Cao , Tiejun Lv

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs), composed of multiple layers of reconfigurable transmissive metasurfaces, are gaining prominence as a transformative technology for future wireless communication security. This paper investigates the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Enyu Shi , Yiyang Zhu , Jiayi Zhang , Ziheng Liu , Jiakang Zheng , Jiancheng An , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Bo Ai , Chau Yuen

This paper investigates a Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIM)-assisted Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) system. An extended target model is considered, where the BS aims to estimate the complete target response matrix…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Ziqing Wang , Hongzheng Liu , Jianan Zhang , Rujing Xiong , Kai Wan , Xuewen Qian , Marco Di Renzo , Robert Caiming Qiu

A novel technology based on stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) has recently emerged. This platform involves cascading multiple metasurfaces, each acting as a digitally programmable physical layer within a diffractive neural network. SIM…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-06 Donatella Darsena , Francesco Verde , Ivan Iudice , Vincenzo Galdi

Stacked intelligent surfaces (SIS) are a promising technology for next-generation wireless systems, offering an opportunity to enhance communication performance with low power consumption. Typically, an SIS is modelled as a surface that…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-29 Omran Abbas , Abdullah Zayat , Loıc Markley , Anas Chaaban

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) has emerged as a technology enabling wave domain beamforming through multiple stacked reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). SIM has been implemented so far with diagonal RIS (D-RIS), while SIM…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces have emerged as a cutting-edge technology for next-generation wireless communications that are capable of reconfiguring the wireless environment using a large number of cost-effective reflecting elements.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 Ahmed M. Benaya , Ali A. Nasir , Khaled M. Rabie , Daniel B. da Costa

We consider stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) as a tool to improve the performance of bistatic integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) schemes. To that end, we optimize the SIMs and design a radar parameter estimation (RPE)…

The rapid growth of wireless communications has created a significant demand for high throughput, seamless connectivity, and extremely low latency. To meet these goals, a novel technology -- stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) -- has…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , Xing Jia , Lu Gan , George K. Karagiannidis , Bruno Clerckx , Mehdi Bennis , Mérouane Debbah , Tie Jun Cui

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) represent a key enabler for next-generation wireless networks, offering beamforming gains while significantly reducing radio-frequency chain requirements. In conventional space-only SIM architectures,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-29 Donatella Darsena , Ivan Iudice , Vincenzo Galdi , Francesco Verde

The intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a planar array with massive reconfigurable passive elements, which can align the reflecting signals at the receivers via controlling the phase shifts at each element independently. Since IRS can…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-22 Silei Wang , Qiang Li , Sissi Xiaoxiao Wu , Jingran Lin

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging programmable metasurface architecture that can implement signal processing directly in the electromagnetic wave domain, thereby enabling efficient implementation of ultra-massive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Qurrat-Ul-Ain Nadeem , Jiancheng An , Anas Chaaban