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Multi-step spatial reasoning entails understanding and reasoning about spatial relationships across multiple sequential steps, which is crucial for tackling complex real-world applications, such as robotic manipulation, autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kexian Tang , Junyao Gao , Yanhong Zeng , Haodong Duan , Yanan Sun , Zhening Xing , Wenran Liu , Kaifeng Lyu , Kai Chen

Logical reasoning consistently plays a fundamental and significant role in the domains of knowledge engineering and artificial intelligence. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a noteworthy innovation in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Jiawei Han , Tianzhe Zhao , Jun Liu , Erik Cambria

Recent strides in Large Language Models (LLMs) have saturated many Natural Language Processing (NLP) benchmarks, emphasizing the need for more challenging ones to properly assess LLM capabilities. However, domain-specific and multilingual…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code understanding and generation. However, their effectiveness on non-code Software Engineering (SE) tasks remains underexplored. We present 'Software Engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Fabian C. Peña , Steffen Herbold

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet their ability to process structured symbolic knowledge remains underexplored. To address this gap, we propose a taxonomy of ontological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Xiao Zhang , Huiyuan Lai , Qianru Meng , Johan Bos

Argumentation skills are an essential toolkit for large language models (LLMs). These skills are crucial in various use cases, including self-reflection, debating collaboratively for diverse answers, and countering hate speech. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yamen Ajjour , Carlotta Quensel , Nedim Lipka , Henning Wachsmuth

Large language models (LLMs) can exhibit biases in reasoning capabilities due to linguistic modality, performing better on tasks in one language versus another, even with similar content. Most previous works evaluate this through reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 César Guerra-Solano , Zhuochun Li , Xiang Lorraine Li

Developments in Graph-Language Models (GLMs) aim to integrate the structural reasoning capabilities of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) with the semantic understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, we demonstrate that current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Soham Petkar , Hari Aakash K , Anirudh Vempati , Akshit Sinha , Ponnurangam Kumarauguru , Chirag Agarwal

Recent advancements in Spatial Intelligence (SI) have predominantly relied on Vision-Language Models (VLMs), yet a critical question remains: does spatial understanding originate from visual encoders or the fundamental reasoning backbone?…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zhongbin Guo , Zhen Yang , Yushan Li , Xinyue Zhang , Wenyu Gao , Jiacheng Wang , Chengzhi Li , Xiangrui Liu , Ping Jian

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities in mathematical reasoning. However, despite these achievements, current evaluations are mostly limited to specific mathematical topics, and it remains unclear whether LLMs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Arash Gholami Davoodi , Seyed Pouyan Mousavi Davoudi , Pouya Pezeshkpour

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming attractive as few-shot reasoners to solve Natural Language (NL)-related tasks. However, the understanding of their capability to process structured data like tables remains an under-explored area.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Yuan Sui , Mengyu Zhou , Mingjie Zhou , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

Large language model (LLM) simulations of human behavior have the potential to revolutionize the social and behavioral sciences, if and only if they faithfully reflect real human behaviors. Current evaluations of simulation fidelity are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tiancheng Hu , Joachim Baumann , Lorenzo Lupo , Nigel Collier , Dirk Hovy , Paul Röttger

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted for a variety of tasks with implicit graphical structures, such as planning in robotics, multi-hop question answering or knowledge probing, structured commonsense reasoning, and more.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Heng Wang , Shangbin Feng , Tianxing He , Zhaoxuan Tan , Xiaochuang Han , Yulia Tsvetkov

The remarkable reasoning and generalization capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have paved the way for their expanding applications in embodied AI, robotics, and other real-world tasks. To effectively support these applications,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Dongil Yang , Minjin Kim , Sunghwan Kim , Beong-woo Kwak , Minjun Park , Jinseok Hong , Woontack Woo , Jinyoung Yeo

An essential element of human mathematical reasoning is our number sense -- an abstract understanding of numbers and their relationships -- which allows us to solve problems involving vast number spaces using limited computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Roussel Rahman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have undergone rapid progress, largely attributed to reinforcement learning on complex reasoning tasks. In contrast, while spatial intelligence is fundamental for Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zijian Song , Xiaoxin Lin , Qiuming Huang , Sihan Qin , Guangrun Wang , Liang Lin

The ability to process information from multiple modalities and to reason through it step-by-step remains a critical challenge in advancing artificial intelligence. However, existing reasoning benchmarks focus on text-only reasoning, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yulun Jiang , Yekun Chai , Maria Brbić , Michael Moor

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable success on a wide range of math and reasoning benchmarks. However, we observe that they often struggle when faced with unreasonable math problems. Instead of recognizing these issues,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jingyuan Ma , Damai Dai , Zihang Yuan , Rui li , Weilin Luo , Bin Wang , Qun Liu , Lei Sha , Zhifang Sui

Large Language Models (LLMs) play a central role in modern artificial intelligence, yet their development has been primarily focused on English, resulting in limited support for other languages. We present PLLuM (Polish Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Jan Kocoń , Maciej Piasecki , Arkadiusz Janz , Teddy Ferdinan , Łukasz Radliński , Bartłomiej Koptyra , Marcin Oleksy , Stanisław Woźniak , Paweł Walkowiak , Konrad Wojtasik , Julia Moska , Tomasz Naskręt , Bartosz Walkowiak , Mateusz Gniewkowski , Kamil Szyc , Dawid Motyka , Dawid Banach , Jonatan Dalasiński , Ewa Rudnicka , Bartłomiej Alberski , Tomasz Walkowiak , Aleksander Szczęsny , Maciej Markiewicz , Tomasz Bernaś , Hubert Mazur , Kamil Żyta , Mateusz Tykierko , Grzegorz Chodak , Tomasz Kajdanowicz , Przemysław Kazienko , Agnieszka Karlińska , Karolina Seweryn , Anna Kołos , Maciej Chrabąszcz , Katarzyna Lorenc , Aleksandra Krasnodębska , Artur Wilczek , Katarzyna Dziewulska , Paula Betscher , Zofia Cieślińska , Katarzyna Kowol , Daria Mikoś , Maciej Trzciński , Dawid Krutul , Marek Kozłowski , Sławomir Dadas , Rafał Poświata , Michał Perełkiewicz , Małgorzata Grębowiec , Maciej Kazuła , Marcin Białas , Roman Roszko , Danuta Roszko , Jurgita Vaičenonienė , Andrius Utka , Paweł Levchuk , Paweł Kowalski , Irena Prawdzic-Jankowska , Maciej Ogrodniczuk , Monika Borys , Anna Bulińska , Wiktoria Gumienna , Witold Kieraś , Dorota Komosińska , Katarzyna Krasnowska-Kieraś , Łukasz Kobyliński , Martyna Lewandowska , Marek Łaziński , Mikołaj Łątkowski , Dawid Mastalerz , Beata Milewicz , Agnieszka Anna Mykowiecka , Angelika Peljak-Łapińska , Sandra Penno , Zuzanna Przybysz , Michał Rudolf , Piotr Rybak , Karolina Saputa , Aleksandra Tomaszewska , Aleksander Wawer , Marcin Woliński , Joanna Wołoszyn , Alina Wróblewska , Bartosz Żuk , Filip Żarnecki , Konrad Kaczyński , Anna Cichosz , Zuzanna Deckert , Monika Garnys , Izabela Grabarczyk , Wojciech Janowski , Sylwia Karasińska , Aleksandra Kujawiak , Piotr Misztela , Maria Szymańska , Karolina Walkusz , Igor Siek , Jakub Kwiatkowski , Piotr Pęzik

Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to play an increasingly important role in our lives, providing assistance across a wide array of tasks. In the geospatial domain, LLMs have demonstrated the ability to answer generic questions, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Pasquale Balsebre , Weiming Huang , Gao Cong