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The third law of thermodynamics in the form of the unattainability principle states that exact ground-state cooling requires infinite resources. Here we investigate the amount of non-equilibrium resources needed for approximate cooling. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-28 Henrik Wilming , Rodrigo Gallego

Thermodynamics connects our knowledge of the world to our capability to manipulate and thus to control it. This crucial role of control is exemplified by the third law of thermodynamics, Nernst's unattainability principle, which states that…

The third law of thermodynamics has a controversial past and a number of formulations due to Planck, Einstein, and Nernst. It's most accepted version, the unattainability principle, states that "any thermodynamic process cannot reach the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-13 Lluis Masanes , Jonathan Oppenheim

Connections between information theory and thermodynamics have proven to be very useful to establish bounding limits for physical processes. Ideas such as Landauer's erasure principle and information assisted work extraction have greatly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-17 Kaonan Micadei , Roberto M. Serra , Lucas C. Celeri

The Landauer principle bridges the energetic cost and information processing, showing that irreversible computation inevitably demands energy dissipation. As energy demands from computation continue to rise, approximate computing has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-26 Yoshihiko Hasegawa

Landauer's limit on heat dissipation during information erasure is critical as devices shrink, requiring optimal pure-state preparation to minimise errors. However, Nernst's third law states this demands infinite resources in energy, time,…

The third law of thermodynamics, also known as the Nernst unattainability principle, puts a fundamental bound on how close a system, whether classical or quantum, can be cooled to a temperature near to absolute zero. On the other hand, a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-04 Lorenzo Buffoni , Stefano Gherardini , Emmanuel Zambrini Cruzeiro , Yasser Omar

In thermal environments, information processing requires thermodynamic costs determined by the second law of thermodynamics. Information processing within finite time is particularly important, since fast information processing has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-11-14 Takuya Kamijima , Ken Funo , Takahiro Sagawa

The Landauer's principle, a cornerstone of information thermodynamics, provides a fundamental lower bound on the energetic cost of information erasure in terms of the information content change. However, its traditional formulation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Yuanyuan Xiao , Jian-Hua Jiang , Junjie Liu

The third law of thermodynamics forbids cooling a physical system to absolute zero in a finite number of operational steps. Although this unattainability principle has been quantified for specific state-to-state transitions, a universal,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Tan Van Vu , Keiji Saito

The unattainability principle (UP) is an operational formulation of the third law of thermodynamics stating the impossibility to bring a system to its ground state in finite time. In this work, several recent derivations of the UP are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-18 Nahuel Freitas , Rodrigo Gallego , Lluís Masanes , Juan Pablo Paz

Thermodynamic tradeoff relations quantify the fundamental concept of ``no free lunch'' in the physical world, suggesting that faster and more precise physical processes come at a higher thermodynamic cost. The key elements in these tradeoff…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-12-11 Yoshihiko Hasegawa , Tomohiro Nishiyama

We have made a simple and natural modification of a recent quantum refrigerator model presented by Cleuren et al. in Phys. Rev, Lett.108, 120603 (2012). The original model consist of two metal leads acting as heat baths, and a set of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-03-09 Vegard B. Sørdal , Joakim Bergli , Y. M. Galperin

The fundamental lower bounds of the thermodynamic energy cost (work) needed for the measurement and the erasure of information are found. The lower bound for the erasure vindicates the "Landauer's principle" for a special case, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Takahiro Sagawa , Masahito Ueda

The Landauer principle sets a fundamental thermodynamic constraint on the minimum amount of heat that must be dissipated to erase one logical bit of information through a quasi-statically slow protocol. For finite time information erasure,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-28 L. T. Giorgini , R. Eichhorn , M. Das , W. Moon , J. S. Wettlaufer

Although the third law of thermodynamics was established almost a century ago, it is not yet universally considered to be a fundamental law of physics. A major problem is that there are many materials having residual entropy. Amorphous…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-12-24 Koun Shirai

The emergence of irreversibility in physical processes, despite the fundamentally reversible nature of quantum mechanics, remains an open question in physics. This thesis explores the intricate relationship between quantum mechanics and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-25 Alberto Rolandi

In the paradigm of thermodynamic computing, instead of behaving deterministically, hardware undergoes a stochastic process in order to sample from a distribution of interest. While it has been hypothesized that thermodynamic computers may…

Landauer's principle states that the erasure of one bit of information requires the free energy kT ln 2. We argue that the reliability of the bit erasure process is bounded by the accuracy inherent in the statistical state of the energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dominik Janzing , Pawel Wocjan , Robert Zeier , Rubino Geiss , Thomas Beth

Thermodynamic trade-off relations dictate fundamental limits on the performance of thermodynamic tasks through costs such as heat dissipation. Here, we propose a framework called thermodynamic recycling to circumvent these limits in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Nobumasa Ishida , Yoshihiko Hasegawa
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