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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models dramatically expand model capacity and achieve remarkable performance without increasing per-token compute. However, can MoEs surpass dense architectures under strictly equal resource constraints --…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Houyi Li , Ka Man Lo , Shijie Xuyang , Ziqi Wang , Wenzhen Zheng , Haocheng Zhang , Zhao Li , Shuigeng Zhou , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a promising way to scale up the learning capacity of large language models. It increases the number of parameters while keeping FLOPs nearly constant during inference through sparse activation. Yet, it still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Pingzhi Li , Xiaolong Jin , Zhen Tan , Yu Cheng , Tianlong Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a prominent architecture for scaling model size while maintaining computational efficiency. In MoE, each token in the input sequence activates a different subset of experts determined by a routing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Chufan Shi , Cheng Yang , Xinyu Zhu , Jiahao Wang , Taiqiang Wu , Siheng Li , Deng Cai , Yujiu Yang , Yu Meng

By increasing model parameters but activating them sparsely when performing a task, the use of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture significantly improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) without increasing the inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zeliang Zhang , Xiaodong Liu , Hao Cheng , Chenliang Xu , Jianfeng Gao

Modern large language models leverage Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures for efficient scaling, but face a critical challenge: functionally similar experts are often selected simultaneously, creating redundant computation and limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Chen Zheng , Yuhang Cai , Deyi Liu , Jin Ma , Yiyuan Ma , Yuan Yang , Jing Liu , Yutao Zeng , Xun Zhou , Siyuan Qiao

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a key approach for scaling large language models efficiently by activating only a subset of experts during training and inference. Typically, the number of activated experts presents a trade-off:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yifei He , Yang Liu , Chen Liang , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Sparse Mixtures of Experts (SMoE) scales model capacity without significant increases in training and inference costs, but exhibits the following two issues: (1) Low expert activation, where only a small subset of experts are activated for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Wenhui Wang , Furu Wei

Artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved astonishing successes in many domains, especially with the recent breakthroughs in the development of foundational large models. These large models, leveraging their extensive training data, provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Siyuan Mu , Sen Lin

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) structure scales the Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) and improves their performance with only the sub-linear increase in computation resources. Recently, a fine-grained DeepSeekMoE structure is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Zewen Jin , Shengnan Wang , Jiaan Zhu , Hongrui Zhan , Youhui Bai , Lin Zhang , Zhenyu Ming , Cheng Li

Mixture-of-Experts large language models (MoE-LLMs) marks a significant step forward of language models, however, they encounter two critical challenges in practice: 1) expert parameters lead to considerable memory consumption and loading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Wei Huang , Yue Liao , Jianhui Liu , Ruifei He , Haoru Tan , Shiming Zhang , Hongsheng Li , Si Liu , Xiaojuan Qi

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) model becomes an important choice of large language models nowadays because of its scalability with sublinear computational complexity for training and inference. However, existing MoE models suffer from two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Xin Chen , Hengheng Zhang , Xiaotao Gu , Kaifeng Bi , Lingxi Xie , Qi Tian

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have shown remarkable capability in instruction tuning, especially when the number of tasks scales. However, previous methods simply merge all training tasks (e.g. creative writing, coding, and mathematics)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tong Zhu , Daize Dong , Xiaoye Qu , Jiacheng Ruan , Wenliang Chen , Yu Cheng

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) presents a naturally compatible and scalable framework for multimodal learning, demonstrating strong adaptability across diverse modalities and tasks. Despite its growing success, a comprehensive and systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Liangwei Nathan Zheng , Wei Emma Zhang , Olaf Maennel , Lin Yue , Weitong Chen

Mixture of Experts (MoE) have shown remarkable success in leveraging specialized expert networks for complex machine learning tasks. However, their susceptibility to adversarial attacks presents a critical challenge for deployment in robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xu Zhang , Kaidi Xu , Ziqing Hu , Ren Wang

Machine learning models based on the aggregated outputs of submodels, either at the activation or prediction levels, often exhibit strong performance compared to individual models. We study the interplay of two popular classes of such…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) activates only a subset of experts during inference, allowing the model to maintain low inference FLOPs and latency even as the parameter count scales up. However, since MoE dynamically selects the experts, all the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Shibo Jie , Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Yitong Li , Duyu Tang , Zhi-Hong Deng , Yunhe Wang

Human education system trains one student by multiple experts. Mixture-of-experts (MoE) is a powerful sparse architecture including multiple experts. However, sparse MoE model is easy to overfit, hard to deploy, and not hardware-friendly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Fuzhao Xue , Xiaoxin He , Xiaozhe Ren , Yuxuan Lou , Yang You

Among parallel decoding paradigms, diffusion large language models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising candidate that balances generation quality and throughput. However, their integration with Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hao Mark Chen , Zhiwen Mo , Royson Lee , Qianzhou Wang , Da Li , Shell Xu Hu , Wayne Luk , Timothy Hospedales , Hongxiang Fan

While modern internet services, such as chatbots, search engines, and online advertising, demand the use of large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs), distributed training and inference over heterogeneous computing systems are desired to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Dianhai Yu , Liang Shen , Hongxiang Hao , Weibao Gong , Huachao Wu , Jiang Bian , Lirong Dai , Haoyi Xiong

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures achieve parameter efficiency through conditional computation, yet contemporary designs suffer from two fundamental limitations: structural parameter isolation that causes catastrophic forgetting, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yuxing Gan , Ziyu Lei