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We argue that in quantum gravity there is no Born rule. The quantum-gravity regime, described by a non-normalisable Wheeler-DeWitt wave functional $\Psi$, must be in quantum nonequilibrium with a probability distribution $P\neq\left\vert…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-04-19 Antony Valentini

This paper presents a novel explanation of the cause of quantum probabilities and the Born rule based on the intuitionistic interpretation of quantum mechanics where propositions obey constructive (intuitionistic) logic. The use of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-14 Arkady Bolotin

We propose a complete proof of the Born rule using an additional postulate stating that for a short enough time {\Delta}t between two measurements, a property of a particle will keep its values fixed. This dynamical postulate allows us to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-22 Yakir Aharonov , Tomer Shushi

Quantum theory has evolved from a set of provisional rules to an indispensable framework that underlies much of modern technology and infrastructure. Yet, after a century, Born's probability postulate remains at odds with the theory's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-19 Lionel Brits

The Born rule asserts the probability distribution of eigenstates observed in unbiased quantum measurements, but the reason it holds remains elusive. This manuscript discusses how the Born rule might be explained by Schrodinger equation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Frank Torres

In the quantum-Bayesian approach to quantum foundations, a quantum state is viewed as an expression of an agent's personalist Bayesian degrees of belief, or probabilities, concerning the results of measurements. These probabilities obey the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 Christopher A. Fuchs , Ruediger Schack

Suppose that particle detectors are placed along a Cauchy surface $\Sigma$ in Minkowski space-time, and consider a quantum theory with fixed or variable number of particles (i.e., using Fock space or a subspace thereof). It is…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-03-27 Matthias Lienert , Roderich Tumulka

The possibility to recover the which-way information, for example in the two slit experiment, is based on a natural but implicit assumption about the position of a particle {\it before} a position measurement is performed on it. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-06-13 Bruno Galvan

We have recently developed a new understanding of probability in quantum gravity. In this paper we provide an overview of this new approach and its implications. Adopting the de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave formulation of quantum physics, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-26 Antony Valentini

Born rule is key to understanding quantum mechanics based on the probability amplitude for the measurement process of a physical quantity. Based on a typical particle nature of a photon, the quantum feature of photon bunching on a beam…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Byoung S. Ham

A realist description of our universe requires a twofold concept of locality. On one hand, there are the strictly Einstein-local interactions which generate the time evolution. On the other hand, the quantum state space calls for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-27 Andreas O. Tell

Wave-particle duality is one of the fundamental properties of matter and at the same time, one of the mysteries of modern physics. In this paper, we propose and analyze a new interpretation of the wave-particle duality, and propose a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-15 S. A. Rashkovskiy

The very old problem of the statistical content of quantum mechanics (QM) is studied in a novel framework. The Born's rule (one of the basic postulates of QM) is derived from theory of classical random signals. We present a measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-29 Andrei Khrennikov

To solve the probability problem of the Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, D.Wallace has presented a formal proof of the Born rule via decision theory, as proposed by D.Deutsch. The idea is to get subjective probabilities from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-07 André L. G. Mandolesi

The auxiliary rules of quantum mechanics have always included the Born rule that connects probability with square modulus. This need not be the case, for it is possible to introduce probability into the theory through probability current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Richard A Mould

Without Niels Bohr, QBism would be nothing. But QBism is not Bohr. This paper attempts to show that, despite a popular misconception, QBism is no minor tweak to Bohr's interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is something quite distinct.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-13 Christopher A. Fuchs

We consider how to define a natural probability distribution over worlds within a simple class of deterministic many-worlds theories. This can help us understand the typical properties of worlds within such states, and hence explain the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-12 Anthony J. Short

According to Born's rule quantum probabilities are given by the overlap between the system state and measurement states in a quite symmetrical way. This means that both contribute to any observed nonclassical effect that is usually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-21 Alfredo Luis , Laura Ares

We show that the quadratic measure need not be postulated, but follows from the compatibility of two structural features of physical processes: linear reversible evolution prior to the formation of persistent records, and multiplicative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Oskar Axelsson

Everettian Quantum Mechanics, or the Many Worlds Interpretation, lacks an explanation for quantum probabilities. We show that the values given by the Born rule equal projection factors, describing the contraction of Lebesgue measures in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-24 André L. G. Mandolesi