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Meta-heuristics are frequently used to tackle NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. With this paper we contribute to the understanding of the success of 2-opt based local search algorithms for solving the traveling salesman problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-08-14 Olaf Mersmann , Bernd Bischl , Heike Trautmann , Markus Wagner , Frank Neumann

We present a benchmark set for Traveling salesman problem (TSP) with characteristics that are different from the existing benchmark sets. In particular, we focus on small instances which prove to be challenging for one or more…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Pouya Baniasadi , Vladimir Ejov , Michael Haythorpe , Serguei Rossomakhine

Machine learning has increasingly been employed to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, resulting in the emergence of neural solvers that demonstrate remarkable performance, even with minimal domain-specific knowledge. To…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Chengrui Gao , Haopu Shang , Ke Xue , Chao Qian

We initiate the study of online routing problems with predictions, inspired by recent exciting results in the area of learning-augmented algorithms. A learning-augmented online algorithm which incorporates predictions in a black-box manner…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Hsiao-Yu Hu , Hao-Ting Wei , Meng-Hsi Li , Kai-Min Chung , Chung-Shou Liao

In this work we focus on the well-known Euclidean Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and two highly competitive inexact heuristic TSP solvers, EAX and LKH, in the context of per-instance algorithm selection (AS). We evolve instances with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Moritz Seiler , Janina Pohl , Jakob Bossek , Pascal Kerschke , Heike Trautmann

Combinatorial optimization is the field devoted to the study and practice of algorithms that solve NP-hard problems. As Machine Learning (ML) and deep learning have popularized, several research groups have started to use ML to solve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Antoine François , Quentin Cappart , Louis-Martin Rousseau

This paper reviews the current progress in applying machine learning (ML) tools to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, with a focus on routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and the vehicle routing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Fangting Zhou , Attila Lischka , Balazs Kulcsar , Jiaming Wu , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani , Gilbert Laporte

Optimizing delivery routes for last-mile logistics service is challenging and has attracted the attention of many researchers. These problems are usually modeled and solved as variants of vehicle routing problems (VRPs) with challenging…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Qian Shao , Shih-Fen Cheng

For NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, it is usually difficult to find high-quality solutions in polynomial time. The design of either an exact algorithm or an approximate algorithm for these problems often requires significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kun Lei , Peng Guo , Yi Wang , Xiao Wu , Wenchao Zhao

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is among the most famous NP-hard optimization problems. We design for this problem a randomized polynomial-time algorithm that computes a (1+eps)-approximation to the optimal tour, for any fixed eps>0,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Yair Bartal , Lee-Ad Gottlieb , Robert Krauthgamer

For the traveling salesman problem (TSP), the existing supervised learning based algorithms suffer seriously from the lack of generalization ability. To overcome this drawback, this paper tries to train (in supervised manner) a small-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Zhang-Hua Fu , Kai-Bin Qiu , Hongyuan Zha

Linear diagrams are an effective way to visualize set-based data by representing elements as columns and sets as rows with one or more horizontal line segments, whose vertical overlaps with other rows indicate set intersections and their…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Alexander Dobler , Martin Nöllenburg

Machine learning has been adapted to help solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. One prevalent way is learning to construct solutions by deep neural networks, which has been receiving more and more attention due to the high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Chengrui Gao , Haopu Shang , Ke Xue , Dong Li , Chao Qian

The Travelling Salesman Problem - TSP is one of the most explored problems in the scientific literature to solve real problems regarding the economy, transportation, and logistics, to cite a few cases. Adapting TSP to solve different…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Carlos Alberto da Silva Junior , Roberto Yuji Tanaka , Luiz Carlos Farias da Silva , Angelo Passaro

We study the generalization capability of Unsupervised Learning in solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). We use a Graph Neural Network (GNN) trained with a surrogate loss function to generate an embedding for each node. We use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Yimeng Min , Carla P. Gomes

Deep learning has shown significant potential in solving combinatorial optimization problems such as the Euclidean traveling salesman problem (TSP). However, most training and test instances for existing TSP algorithms are generated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Xiayang Li , Shihua Zhang

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a fundamental NP-hard optimization problem. Over the past decades, traditional heuristic methods have achieved substantial success in solving TSP, yet their performance, particularly for large-scale…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Haoze Lv , Wenjie Chen , Zhiyuan Wang , Shengcai Liu

In this work we introduce an evolutionary strategy to solve combinatorial optimization tasks, i.e. problems characterized by a discrete search space. In particular, we focus on the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), i.e. a famous problem…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2016-08-05 Marco Alberto Javarone

In this paper we propose some novel path planning strategies for a double integrator with bounded velocity and bounded control inputs. First, we study the following version of the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP): given a set of points…

Robotics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ketan Savla , Francesco Bullo , Emilio Frazzoli

The Stacker Crane Problem (SCP) is a variant of the Traveling Salesman Problem. In SCP, pairs of pickup and delivery points are designated on a graph, and a crane must visit these points to move objects from each pickup location to its…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Yike Chen , Ke Shi , Chao Xu