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This paper develops a rich theory of cardinality in the paraconsistent and paracomplete set theory $\mathrm{BZFC}$, where sets can be inconsistent ($A$ such that ``$x\in A$'' is both true and false for some $x$) or incomplete ($A$ such that…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-04-09 Hrafn Valtýr Oddsson

The nature of concept learning is a core question in cognitive science. Theories must account for the relative difficulty of acquiring different concepts by supervised learners. For a canonical set of six category types, two distinct…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-03 Andreas D. Pape , Kenneth J. Kurtz , Hiroki Sayama

We generalize the measurement using an expanded concept of cover, in order to provide a new approach to size of set other than cardinality. The generalized measurement has application backgrounds such as a generalized problem in dimension…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2012-11-13 Hua-Rong Peng , Da-Hai Li , Qiong-Hua Wang

We show that if we enrich first order logic by allowing quantification over isomorphisms between definable ordered fields the resulting logic, L(Q_{Of}), is fully compact. In this logic, we can give standard compactness proofs of various…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-09-06 Alan H. Mekler , Saharon Shelah

Generic computability has been studied in group theory and we now study it in the context of classical computability theory. A set A of natural numbers is generically computable if there is a partial computable function f whose domain has…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2014-02-26 Carl G. Jockusch , Paul E. Schupp

Accessible categories admit a purely category-theoretic replacement for cardinality: the internal size. Generalizing results and methods from arXiv:1708.06782, we examine set-theoretic problems related to internal sizes and prove several…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-06-06 Michael Lieberman , Jiří Rosický , Sebastien Vasey

We study finitely additive extensions of the asymptotic density to all the subsets of natural numbers. Such measures are called density measures. We consider a class of density measures constructed from free ultrafilters on $\mathbb{N}$ and…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-01-26 Ryoichi Kunisada

A theory of resource-bounded dimension is developed using gales, which are natural generalizations of martingales. When the resource bound \Delta (a parameter of the theory) is unrestricted, the resulting dimension is precisely the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jack H. Lutz

In this work, we study the number of finite tiles $A\subset\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ of size $\alpha$ that translationally tile a finite $C\subset\mathbb{Z}^{d}$. We consider two tiles $A$ and $A'$ to be congruent if and only if one can be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-11-27 Jesse Stern

The paper is an extensive and systematic study of cardinal invariants we call slalom numbers, describing the combinatorics of sequences of sets of natural numbers. Our general approach, based on relational systems, covers many such cardinal…

We consider combining the definition of a cardinal invariant and the notion of an infinite game. We focus on the splitting number $\mathfrak{s}$ since the corresponding cardinal invariants behave in an interesting way. We introduce three…

We consider the set of finite sequences of length n over a finite or countable alphabet C. We consider the function which associate each given sequence with the size of the maximum overlap with a (shifted) copy of itself. We compute the…

Probability · Mathematics 2011-10-28 Miguel Abadi , Rodrigo Lambert

Every set of natural numbers determines a generating function convergent for $q \in (-1,1)$ whose behavior as $q \rightarrow 1^-$ determines a germ. These germs admit a natural partial ordering that can be used to compare sizes of sets of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-11-13 James Propp

By defining the dimension of natural numbers as the number of prime factors, all natural numbers smaller than 2^(n+1) (n is a natural number) can be classified by their dimensions, and the count of numbers of each dimension gives a…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2014-01-13 Ran Huang

We propose a reinterpretation of the continuum grounded in the stratified structure of definability rather than classical cardinality. In this framework, a real number is not an abstract point on the number line, but an object expressible…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-05-28 Stanislav Semenov

We show that the decidability of the first-order theory of the language that combines Boolean algebras of sets of uninterpreted elements with Presburger arithmetic operations. We thereby disprove a recent conjecture that this theory is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Viktor Kuncak , Martin Rinard

This paper presents an extensive survey of regular distributions in natural and social sciences. The survey includes studies from a wide scope of academic disciplines, in order to create an inventory of the different mathematical functions…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-07-14 L. Benguigui , M. Marinov

We establish the hierarchy among twelve equivalence relations (similarities) on the class of relational structures: the equality, the isomorphism, the equimorphism, the full relation, four similarities of structures induced by similarities…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-09-26 Miloš S. Kurilić

We describe a theory of finite sets, and investigate the analogue of Dedekind's theory of natural number systems (simply infinite systems) in this theory. Unlike the infinitary case, in our theory, natural number systems come in differing…

Logic · Mathematics 2008-08-08 J. P. Mayberry , Richard Pettigrew

We propose a generic framework for establishing the decidability of a wide range of logical entailment problems (briefly called querying), based on the existence of countermodels that are structurally simple, gauged by certain types of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Thomas Feller , Tim S. Lyon , Piotr Ostropolski-Nalewaja , Sebastian Rudolph