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Reinforcement learning from verifiable emotion rewards RLVER has produced language models with strong empathetic performance, evaluated on benchmarks that assume cooperative, honest users. Yet real emotional interactions systematically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Deeraj S K , Sadhana Devarajan , Krishna Mehra , Sudhakar Mishra

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Chengbing Wang , Wuqiang Zheng , Yang Zhang , Fengbin Zhu , Junyi Cheng , Yi Xie , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng

Multimodal empathetic response generation (MERG) aims to generate emotionally engaging and empathetic responses based on users' multimodal contexts. Existing approaches usually rely on an implicit one-pass generation paradigm from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Liping Wang , Cheng Ye , Weidong Chen , Peipei Song , Bo Hu , Zhendong Mao

Empathetic response generation aims to comprehend the user emotion and then respond to it appropriately. Most existing works merely focus on what the emotion is and ignore how the emotion is evoked, thus weakening the capacity of the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Jiashuo Wang , Wenjie LI , Peiqin Lin , Feiteng Mu

In recent years, the generation of conversation content based on deep neural networks has attracted many researchers. However, traditional neural language models tend to generate general replies, lacking logical and emotional factors. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-18 Jia Li , Xiao Sun , Xing Wei , Changliang Li , Jianhua Tao

Human-aligned AI is a critical component of co-creativity, as it enables models to accurately interpret human intent and generate controllable outputs that align with design goals in collaborative content creation. This direction is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 In-Chang Baek , Seoyoung Lee , Sung-Hyun Kim , Geumhwan Hwang , KyungJoong Kim

Reward functions are central in reinforcement learning (RL), guiding agents towards optimal decision-making. The complexity of RL tasks requires meticulously designed reward functions that effectively drive learning while avoiding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Rati Devidze

Recent approaches for empathetic response generation mainly focus on emotional resonance and user understanding, without considering the system's personality. Consistent personality is evident in real human expression and is important for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yahui Fu , Chenhui Chu , Tatsuya Kawahara

Recent research has highlighted the significance of natural language in enhancing the controllability of generative models. While various efforts have been made to leverage natural language for content generation, research on deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 In-Chang Baek , Sung-Hyun Kim , Seo-Young Lee , Dong-Hyeon Kim , Kyung-Joong Kim

End-to-end Spoken Language Models (SLMs) hold great potential for paralinguistic perception, and numerous studies have aimed to enhance their capabilities, particularly for empathetic dialogue. However, current approaches largely depend on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuhang Jia , Pei Liu , Haoqin Sun , Jiaming Zhou , Xuxin Cheng , Cao Liu , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai , Yong Qin

Empathetic response generation aims to comprehend the cognitive and emotional states in dialogue utterances and generate proper responses. Psychological theories posit that comprehending emotional and cognitive states necessitates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhou Yang , Zhaochun Ren , Yufeng Wang , Chao Chen , Haizhou Sun , Xiaofei Zhu , Xiangwen Liao

Generating keyphrases that summarize the main points of a document is a fundamental task in natural language processing. Although existing generative models are capable of predicting multiple keyphrases for an input document as well as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Hou Pong Chan , Wang Chen , Lu Wang , Irwin King

Artificial agents capable of understanding and aligning with others' intentions are essential for safe and socially robust artificial intelligence. We introduce a computational framework for empathy in active inference agents, grounded in…

Empathetic Conversational Systems (ECS) are built to respond empathetically to the user's emotions and sentiments, regardless of the application domain. Current ECS studies evaluation approaches are restricted to offline evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Siyuan Brandon Loh

Empathetic dialogue is an indispensable part of building harmonious social relationships and contributes to the development of a helpful AI. Previous approaches are mainly based on fine small-scale language models. With the advent of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Yushan Qian , Wei-Nan Zhang , Ting Liu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been witnessed its potential for training a dialogue policy agent towards maximizing the accumulated rewards given from users. However, the reward can be very sparse for it is usually only provided at the end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Hongru Wang , Huimin Wang , Zezhong Wang , Kam-Fai Wong

Large language models (LLMs) excel at logical and algorithmic reasoning, yet their emotional intelligence (EQ) still lags far behind their cognitive prowess. While reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has advanced in other…

Applying Reinforcement Learning (RL) to sequence generation models enables the direct optimization of long-term rewards (\textit{e.g.,} BLEU and human feedback), but typically requires large-scale sampling over a space of action sequences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Chenglong Wang , Hang Zhou , Yimin Hu , Yifu Huo , Bei Li , Tongran Liu , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Designing reward functions for efficiently guiding reinforcement learning (RL) agents toward specific behaviors is a complex task. This is challenging since it requires the identification of reward structures that are not sparse and that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Dhawal Gupta , Yash Chandak , Scott M. Jordan , Philip S. Thomas , Bruno Castro da Silva

Recent advancements in computer vision have accelerated the development of autonomous driving. Despite these advancements, training machines to drive in a way that aligns with human expectations remains a significant challenge. Human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Zhuoli Zhuang , Yu-Cheng Chang , Yu-Kai Wang , Thomas Do , Chin-Teng Lin