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High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools offer rapid hardware design from C code, but their compatibility is limited by code constructs. This paper investigates Large Language Models (LLMs) for automatically refactoring C code into HLS-compatible…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Luca Collini , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri

Formal verification can provably guarantee the correctness of critical system software, but the high proof burden has long hindered its wide adoption. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown success in code analysis and synthesis.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Jianan Yao , Ziqiao Zhou , Weiteng Chen , Weidong Cui

The automatic generation of Verilog code using Large Language Models (LLMs) has garnered significant interest in hardware design automation. However, existing benchmarks for evaluating LLMs in Verilog generation fall short in replicating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Pengwei Jin , Di Huang , Chongxiao Li , Shuyao Cheng , Yang Zhao , Xinyao Zheng , Jiaguo Zhu , Shuyi Xing , Bohan Dou , Rui Zhang , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Xing Hu

Automated Verilog code synthesis poses significant challenges and typically demands expert oversight. Traditional high-level synthesis (HLS) methods often fail to scale for real-world designs. While large language models (LLMs) have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Prithwish Basu Roy , Akashdeep Saha , Manaar Alam , Johann Knechtel , Michail Maniatakos , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Ramesh Karri

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in streamlining hardware design processes by encapsulating vast amounts of domain-specific data. In addition, they allow users to interact with the design processes through natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Yongan Zhang , Zhongzhi Yu , Yonggan Fu , Cheng Wan , Yingyan Celine Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been applied to various hardware design tasks, including Verilog code generation, EDA tool scripting, and RTL bug fixing. Despite this extensive exploration, LLMs are yet to be used for the task of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Manar Abdelatty , Jingxiao Ma , Sherief Reda

Limitations in Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities for hardware design tasks, such as generating functional Verilog codes, have motivated various fine-tuning optimizations utilizing curated hardware datasets from open-source…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Sam Bush , Matthew DeLorenzo , Phat Tieu , Jeyavijayan Rajendran

Designing Verilog modules requires meticulous attention to correctness, efficiency, and adherence to design specifications. However, manually writing Verilog code remains a complex and time-consuming task that demands both expert knowledge…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Bardia Nadimi , Ghali Omar Boutaib , Hao Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting with Register Transfer Level (RTL) design tasks. Nevertheless, there remains to be a significant gap in benchmarks that accurately reflect the complexity of real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ahmed Allam , Mohamed Shalan

Automation of Register Transfer Level (RTL) design can help developers meet increasing computational demands. Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for Hardware Description Language (HDL) generation, but face challenges due to limited…

High-level synthesis (HLS) allows hardware designers to create hardware designs with high-level programming languages like C/C++/OpenCL, which greatly improves hardware design productivity. However, existing HLS flows require programmers'…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Haocheng Xu , Haotian Hu , Sitao Huang

With Large Language Models (LLMs) recently demonstrating impressive proficiency in code generation, it is promising to extend their abilities to Hardware Description Language (HDL). However, LLMs tend to generate single HDL code blocks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jinwei Tang , Jiayin Qin , Kiran Thorat , Chen Zhu-Tian , Yu Cao , Yang , Zhao , Caiwen Ding

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) enables hardware design from C/C++ kernels but requires extensive transformations, such as restructuring code, inserting pragmas, adapting data types, and repairing non-synthesizable constructs, to achieve…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Qingyun Zou , Nuo Chen , Yao Chen , Bingsheng He , WengFei Wong

The automated generation of design RTL based on large language model (LLM) and natural language instructions has demonstrated great potential in agile circuit design. However, the lack of datasets and benchmarks in the public domain…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Shang Liu , Yao Lu , Wenji Fang , Mengming Li , Zhiyao Xie

Writing SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) is an important but complex step in verifying Register Transfer Level (RTL) designs. Conventionally, experts need to understand the design specifications and write the SVA assertions, which is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Karthik Maddala , Bhabesh Mali , Chandan Karfa

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining prominence in various fields, thanks to their ability to generate high- quality content from human instructions. This paper delves into the field of chip design using LLMs, specifically in Power-…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kiran Thorat , Jiahui Zhao , Yaotian Liu , Amit Hasan , Hongwu Peng , Xi Xie , Bin Lei , Caiwen Ding

In last two years, large language models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in code generation, including hardware design at register-transfer level (RTL). While their use in high-level synthesis (HLS) remains comparatively less mature,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 M Zafir Sadik Khan , Kimia Azar , Hadi Kamali

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current methods and metrics used to evaluate the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in code generation tasks. With the rapid growth in demand for automated software development,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Liguo Chen , Qi Guo , Hongrui Jia , Zhengran Zeng , Xin Wang , Yijiang Xu , Jian Wu , Yidong Wang , Qing Gao , Jindong Wang , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in hardware front-end design using hardware description languages (HDLs). However, their inherent tendency toward hallucination often introduces functional errors into the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Kangwei Xu , Grace Li Zhang , Ulf Schlichtmann , Bing Li

While Large Language Models (LLMs) show significant potential in hardware engineering, current benchmarks suffer from saturation and limited task diversity, failing to reflect LLMs' performance in real industrial workflows. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhongkai Yu , Chenyang Zhou , Yichen Lin , Hejia Zhang , Haotian Ye , Junxia Cui , Zaifeng Pan , Jishen Zhao , Yufei Ding