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We study the asymptotic error of score-based diffusion model sampling in large-sample scenarios from a non-parametric statistics perspective. We show that a kernel-based score estimator achieves an optimal mean square error of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-25 Kaihong Zhang , Caitlyn H. Yin , Feng Liang , Jingbo Liu

Discrete diffusion language models (dLLMs) provide a fast and flexible alternative to autoregressive models (ARMs) via iterative denoising with parallel updates. However, their evaluation is challenging: existing metrics conflate denoiser…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Luhan Tang , Longxuan Yu , Shaorong Zhang , Greg Ver Steeg

Despite their groundbreaking performance for many generative modeling tasks, diffusion models have fallen short on discrete data domains such as natural language. Crucially, standard diffusion models rely on the well-established theory of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-10 Aaron Lou , Chenlin Meng , Stefano Ermon

We survey continuous-time generative modeling methods based on transporting a simple reference distribution to a data distribution via stochastic or deterministic dynamics. We present a unified framework in which diffusion models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Aditya Ranganath , Mukesh Singhal

In recent years we have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning, which has been used to solve inverse problems of partial differential equations (PDEs). However, most deep learning-based inversion methods either require paired…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-04-23 Enze Jiang , Jishen Peng , Zheng Ma , Xiong-Bin Yan

Recently, diffusion probabilistic models (DPMs) have achieved promising results in diverse generative tasks. A typical DPM framework includes a forward process that gradually diffuses the data distribution and a reverse process that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Tianyu Pang , Cheng Lu , Chao Du , Min Lin , Shuicheng Yan , Zhijie Deng

Score-based diffusion models have emerged as powerful techniques for generating samples from high-dimensional data distributions. These models involve a two-phase process: first, injecting noise to transform the data distribution into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Runjia Li , Qiwei Di , Quanquan Gu

The diffusion model has shown remarkable success in computer vision, but it remains unclear whether the ODE-based probability flow or the SDE-based diffusion model is more superior and under what circumstances. Comparing the two is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Yu Cao , Jingrun Chen , Yixin Luo , Xiang Zhou

Much effort has been put into developing samplers with specific properties, such as producing blue noise, low-discrepancy, lattice or Poisson disk samples. These samplers can be slow if they rely on optimization processes, may rely on a…

Sampling-based optimization (SBO), like cross-entropy method and evolutionary algorithms, has achieved many successes in solving non-convex problems without gradients, yet its convergence is poorly understood. In this paper, we establish a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zeji Yi , Chaoyi Pan , Guanya Shi , Guannan Qu

Sampling from unnormalized target distributions is a fundamental yet challenging task in machine learning and statistics. Existing sampling algorithms typically require many iterative steps to produce high-quality samples, leading to high…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-27 Pascal Jutras-Dube , Jiaru Zhang , Ziran Wang , Ruqi Zhang

Diffusion probabilistic models excel at sampling new images from learned distributions. Originally motivated by drift-diffusion concepts from physics, they apply image perturbations such as noise and blur in a forward process that results…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-07 Pascal Peter

Denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPM) are a class of generative models which have recently been shown to produce excellent samples. We show that with a few simple modifications, DDPMs can also achieve competitive log-likelihoods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Alex Nichol , Prafulla Dhariwal

Diffusion-based generative models use stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and their equivalent ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to establish a smooth connection between a complex data distribution and a tractable prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-25 Defang Chen , Zhenyu Zhou , Can Wang , Chunhua Shen , Siwei Lyu

We present a supervised learning framework of training generative models for density estimation. Generative models, including generative adversarial networks, normalizing flows, variational auto-encoders, are usually considered as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yanfang Liu , Minglei Yang , Zezhong Zhang , Feng Bao , Yanzhao Cao , Guannan Zhang

Flow matching is a recent state-of-the-art framework for generative modeling based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs). While closely related to diffusion models, it provides a more general perspective on generative modeling. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Jeongsol Kim , Bryan Sangwoo Kim , Jong Chul Ye

Denoising diffusion models have spurred significant gains in density modeling and image generation, precipitating an industrial revolution in text-guided AI art generation. We introduce a new mathematical foundation for diffusion models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Xianghao Kong , Rob Brekelmans , Greg Ver Steeg

Flow Matching, a promising approach in generative modeling, has recently gained popularity. Relying on ordinary differential equations, it offers a simple and flexible alternative to diffusion models, which are currently the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-13 Lea Kunkel

Sampling from unnormalized densities is analogous to the generative modeling problem, but the target distribution is defined by a known energy function instead of data samples. Because evaluating the energy function is often costly, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Aaron Havens , Brian Karrer , Neta Shaul

Diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable performance in generating high-dimensional samples across domains such as vision, language, and the sciences. Although continuous-state diffusion models have been extensively studied both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Aadithya Srikanth , Mudit Gaur , Vaneet Aggarwal