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Understanding why a model makes a certain prediction can be as crucial as the prediction's accuracy in many applications. However, the highest accuracy for large modern datasets is often achieved by complex models that even experts struggle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values are a widely used method for local feature attribution in interpretable and explainable AI. We propose an efficient two-stage algorithm for computing SHAP values in both black-box setting and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Ali Gorji , Andisheh Amrollahi , Andreas Krause

In this growing age of data and technology, large black-box models are becoming the norm due to their ability to handle vast amounts of data and learn incredibly complex data patterns. The deficiency of these methods, however, is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Justin Lin , Julia Fukuyama

An important technique to explore a black-box machine learning (ML) model is called SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation). SHAP values decompose predictions into contributions of the features in a fair way. We will show that for a boosted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-01 Michael Mayer

Substantial progress in spoofing and deepfake detection has been made in recent years. Nonetheless, the community has yet to make notable inroads in providing an explanation for how a classifier produces its output. The dominance of black…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-29 Wanying Ge , Jose Patino , Massimiliano Todisco , Nicholas Evans

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine learning model on an input to its features. One main challenge of SHAP is the computation time. An exact computation of Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-06 Linwei Hu , Ke Wang

In this growing age of data and technology, large black-box models are becoming the norm due to their ability to handle vast amounts of data and learn incredibly complex input-output relationships. The deficiency of these methods, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Justin Lin , Julia Fukuyama

Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) are widely recognised as computationally intractable for neural networks, since they induce an exponential search space over the input features. In this work, we take a first step towards scaling exact…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 David Boetius , Shahaf Bassan , Guy Katz , Stefan Leue , Tobias Sutter

Ensemble-based modifications of the well-known SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method for the local explanation of a black-box model are proposed. The modifications aim to simplify SHAP which is computationally expensive when there is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov

In recent years, the Shapley value and SHAP explanations have emerged as one of the most dominant paradigms for providing post-hoc explanations of black-box models. Despite their well-founded theoretical properties, many recent works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 James Enouen , Yan Liu

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. In the present paper, we adopted the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), which is based on fair profit allocation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Yasunobu Nohara , Koutarou Matsumoto , Hidehisa Soejima , Naoki Nakashima

Data augmentation, a cornerstone technique in deep learning, is crucial in enhancing model performance, especially with scarce labeled data. While traditional techniques are effective, their reliance on hand-crafted methods limits their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Mucong Ding , Bang An , Yuancheng Xu , Anirudh Satheesh , Furong Huang

As modern complex neural networks keep breaking records and solving harder problems, their predictions also become less and less intelligible. The current lack of interpretability often undermines the deployment of accurate machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Jacopo Teneggi , Alexandre Luster , Jeremias Sulam

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation) values are one of the leading tools for interpreting machine learning models, with strong theoretical guarantees (consistency, local accuracy) and a wide availability of implementations and use cases.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Jilei Yang

Shapley values are widely used to explain black-box models, but they are costly to calculate because they require many model evaluations. We introduce FastSHAP, a method for estimating Shapley values in a single forward pass using a learned…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-24 Neil Jethani , Mukund Sudarshan , Ian Covert , Su-In Lee , Rajesh Ranganath

Anomaly detection algorithms are often thought to be limited because they don't facilitate the process of validating results performed by domain experts. In Contrast, deep learning algorithms for anomaly detection, such as autoencoders,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Liat Antwarg , Ronnie Mindlin Miller , Bracha Shapira , Lior Rokach

This paper introduces a novel data-free model extraction attack that significantly advances the current state-of-the-art in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness. Traditional black-box methods rely on using the victim's model as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Maor Biton Dor , Yisroel Mirsky

Because of their strong theoretical properties, Shapley values have become very popular as a way to explain predictions made by black box models. Unfortuately, most existing techniques to compute Shapley values are computationally very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Arne Gevaert , Yvan Saeys

Current practice in interpretable machine learning often focuses on explaining the final model trained from data, e.g., by using the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method. The recently developed Shapley variable importance cloud…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Yilin Ning , Mingxuan Liu , Nan Liu

The SHAP framework provides a principled method to explain the predictions of a model by computing feature importance. Motivated by applications in finance, we introduce the Top-k Identification Problem (TkIP), where the objective is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Sanjay Kariyappa , Leonidas Tsepenekas , Freddy Lécué , Daniele Magazzeni
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