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In this paper, we introduce PhishLang, the first fully client-side anti-phishing framework built on a lightweight ensemble framework that utilizes advanced language models to analyze the contextual features of a website's source code and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Sayak Saha Roy , Shirin Nilizadeh

Phishing remains a pervasive cyber threat, as attackers craft deceptive emails to lure victims into revealing sensitive information. While Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular, deep learning, has become a key component in defending…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Shuo Wang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Carsten Rudolph

Phishing attacks are a significant societal threat, disproportionately harming vulnerable populations and eroding trust in essential digital services. Current defenses are often reactive, failing against modern evasive tactics like cloaking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Daiki Chiba , Hiroki Nakano , Takashi Koide

Sophisticated phishing attacks have emerged as a major cybersecurity threat, becoming more common and difficult to prevent. Though machine learning techniques have shown promise in detecting phishing attacks, they function mainly as "black…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Bryan Lim , Roman Huerta , Alejandro Sotelo , Anthonie Quintela , Priyanka Kumar

With the rapid development of large language models, the potential threat of their malicious use, particularly in generating phishing content, is becoming increasingly prevalent. Leveraging the capabilities of LLMs, malicious users can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Yan Pang , Wenlong Meng , Xiaojing Liao , Tianhao Wang

Phishing attacks threaten online users, often leading to data breaches, financial losses, and identity theft. Traditional phishing detection systems struggle with high false positive rates and are usually limited by the types of attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Sneha Baskota

Phishing attacks continue to evolve, with cloaking techniques posing a significant challenge to detection efforts. Cloaking allows attackers to display phishing sites only to specific users while presenting legitimate pages to security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Hiroki Nakano , Takashi Koide , Daiki Chiba

The threat of phishing attacks in financial systems is continuously growing. Therefore, protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access is paramount. This paper discusses the critical need for robust email phishing detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Novruz Amirov , Leminur Celik , Egemen Ali Caner , Emre Yurdakul , Fahri Anil Yerlikaya , Serif Bahtiyar

Phishing attacks have become a serious and challenging issue for detection, explanation, and defense. Despite more than a decade of research on phishing, encompassing both technical and non-technical remedies, phishing continues to be a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Van Nguyen , Tingmin Wu , Xingliang Yuan , Marthie Grobler , Surya Nepal , Carsten Rudolph

In this paper, we uncover the essential features of websites that allow intelligent models to distinguish between phishing and legitimate sites. Phishing websites are those that are made with a similar user interface and a near similar…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Arash Negahdari Kia , Finbarr Murphy , Zahra Dehghani Mohammadabadi , Parisa Shamsi

With increasing technology developments, there is a massive number of websites with varying purposes. But a particular type exists within this large collection, the so-called phishing sites which aim to deceive their users. The main…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Almaha Abuzuraiq , Mouhammd Alkasassbeh , Mohammad Almseidin

While Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems (MAS) offer a transformative approach to simulating human behavior in complex systems, it remains largely unexplored whether these simulations can replicate realistic structural and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Siqi Miao , Ziyang Chen , Yuhong Luo , Hans Hao-Hsun Hsu , Mufei Li , Kaiqing Zhang , Pan Li

Traditional phishing website detection relies on static heuristics or reference lists, which lag behind rapidly evolving attacks. While recent systems incorporate large language models (LLMs), they are still prompt-based, deterministic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xuan Chen , Hao Liu , Tao Yuan , Mehran Kafai , Piotr Habas , Xiangyu Zhang

Phishing attacks remain among the most prevalent cybersecurity threats, causing significant financial losses for individuals and organizations worldwide. This paper presents a machine learning-based phishing email detection system that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Amitabh Chakravorty , Matthew Price , Nelly Elsayed , Zag ElSayed

Phishing is considered to be one of the most prevalent cyber-attacks because of its immense flexibility and alarmingly high success rate. Even with adequate training and high situational awareness, it can still be hard for users to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Orestis Christou , Nikolaos Pitropakis , Pavlos Papadopoulos , Sean McKeown , William J. Buchanan

Phishing sites continue to grow in volume and sophistication. Recent work leverages large language models (LLMs) to analyze URLs, HTML, and rendered content to decide whether a website is a phishing site. While these approaches are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Takashi Koide , Hiroki Nakano , Daiki Chiba

The rapid proliferation of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has introduced unprecedented security challenges, particularly in phishing detection within academic environments. Academic institutions and researchers are high-value…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingzhuo Zhou

In the growing world of the internet, the number of ways to obtain crucial data such as passwords and login credentials, as well as sensitive personal information has expanded. Page impersonation, often known as phishing, is one method of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Aman Rangapur , Tarun Kanakam , Dhanvanthini P

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened the threat of phishing emails by enabling the generation of highly targeted, personalized, and automated attacks. Traditionally, many phishing emails have been characterized by…

The Internet has become an indispensable part of our life, However, It also has provided opportunities to anonymously perform malicious activities like Phishing. Phishers try to deceive their victims by social engineering or creating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Vahid Shahrivari , Mohammad Mahdi Darabi , Mohammad Izadi