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Convolutional neural networks are widely used in imaging and image recognition. Learning such networks from training data leads to the minimization of a non-convex function. This makes the analysis of standard optimization methods such as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-14 Jona-Maria Diederen , Holger Rauhut , Ulrich Terstiege

Recent research in neural networks and machine learning suggests that using many more parameters than strictly required by the initial complexity of a regression problem can result in more accurate or faster-converging models -- contrary to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Arthur Castello B. de Oliveira , Milad Siami , Eduardo D. Sontag

We study the dynamics of gradient flow with small weight decay on general training losses $F: \mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{R}$. Under mild regularity assumptions and assuming convergence of the unregularised gradient flow, we show that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Etienne Boursier , Scott Pesme , Radu-Alexandru Dragomir

A recent line of research has shown that gradient-based algorithms with random initialization can converge to the global minima of the training loss for over-parameterized (i.e., sufficiently wide) deep neural networks. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Difan Zou , Quanquan Gu

This paper shows that a wide class of effective learning rules -- those that improve a scalar performance measure over a given time window -- can be rewritten as natural gradient descent with respect to a suitably defined loss function and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Lucas Shoji , Kenta Suzuki , Leo Kozachkov

We study the convergence properties of gradient descent for training deep linear neural networks, i.e., deep matrix factorizations, by extending a previous analysis for the related gradient flow. We show that under suitable conditions on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Gabin Maxime Nguegnang , Holger Rauhut , Ulrich Terstiege

When samples have internal structure, we often see a mismatch between the objective optimized during training and the model's goal during inference. For example, in sequence-to-sequence modeling we are interested in high-quality translated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Xi Gao , Han Zhang , Aliakbar Panahi , Tom Arodz

Implicit deep learning has received increasing attention recently due to the fact that it generalizes the recursive prediction rules of many commonly used neural network architectures. Its prediction rule is provided implicitly based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Tianxiang Gao , Hailiang Liu , Jia Liu , Hridesh Rajan , Hongyang Gao

Gradient descent, or negative gradient flow, is a standard technique in optimization to find minima of functions. Many implementations of gradient descent rely on discretized versions, i.e., moving in the gradient direction for a set step…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2024-07-01 Dara Gold , Steven Rosenberg

Existing analyses of optimization in deep learning are either continuous, focusing on (variants of) gradient flow, or discrete, directly treating (variants of) gradient descent. Gradient flow is amenable to theoretical analysis, but is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Omer Elkabetz , Nadav Cohen

Efficient gradient computation of the Jacobian determinant term is a core problem in many machine learning settings, and especially so in the normalizing flow framework. Most proposed flow models therefore either restrict to a function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 T. Anderson Keller , Jorn W. T. Peters , Priyank Jaini , Emiel Hoogeboom , Patrick Forré , Max Welling

When optimizing over-parameterized models, such as deep neural networks, a large set of parameters can achieve zero training error. In such cases, the choice of the optimization algorithm and its respective hyper-parameters introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Gauthier Gidel , Francis Bach , Simon Lacoste-Julien

Hyper-parameter selection remains a daunting task when building a pattern recognition architecture which performs well, particularly in recently constructed visual pipeline models for feature extraction. We re-formulate pooling in an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-01-17 Derek Rose , Itamar Arel

Deep learning optimization exhibits structure that is not captured by worst-case gradient bounds. Empirically, gradients along training trajectories are often temporally predictable and evolve within a low-dimensional subspace. In this work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Anherutowa Calvo

The sequential nature of autoregressive next-token prediction imposes a fundamental speed limit on large language models. While continuous flow models offer a path to parallel generation, they traditionally demand expensive iterative…

Fitting neural networks often resorts to stochastic (or similar) gradient descent which is a noise-tolerant (and efficient) resolution of a gradient descent dynamics. It outputs a sequence of networks parameters, which sequence evolves…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-15 Gabriel Turinici

We analyze speed of convergence to global optimum for gradient descent training a deep linear neural network (parameterized as $x \mapsto W_N W_{N-1} \cdots W_1 x$) by minimizing the $\ell_2$ loss over whitened data. Convergence at a linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Sanjeev Arora , Nadav Cohen , Noah Golowich , Wei Hu

We give a simple local Polyak-Lojasiewicz (PL) criterion that guarantees linear (exponential) convergence of gradient flow and gradient descent to a zero-loss solution of a nonnegative objective. We then verify this criterion for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Sourav Chatterjee

This paper presents a novel generative model to synthesize fluid simulations from a set of reduced parameters. A convolutional neural network is trained on a collection of discrete, parameterizable fluid simulation velocity fields. Due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Byungsoo Kim , Vinicius C. Azevedo , Nils Thuerey , Theodore Kim , Markus Gross , Barbara Solenthaler

Flow-based models have proven successful for time-series generation, particularly when defined in lower-dimensional latent spaces that enable efficient sampling. However, how to design latent representations with desirable equivariance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Camilo Carvajal Reyes , Felipe Tobar