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Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown significant progress, approaching human perception levels. In this work, we demonstrate that despite these advances, LLMs still struggle to reason using molecular structural information.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yunhui Jang , Jaehyung Kim , Sungsoo Ahn

Protein language models (PLMs) have shown promise in improving the understanding of protein sequences, contributing to advances in areas such as function prediction and protein engineering. However, training these models from scratch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Shivasankaran Vanaja Pandi , Bharath Ramsundar

Molecular representation learning contributes to multiple downstream tasks such as molecular property prediction and drug design. To properly represent molecules, graph contrastive learning is a promising paradigm as it utilizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Yin Fang , Qiang Zhang , Haihong Yang , Xiang Zhuang , Shumin Deng , Wen Zhang , Ming Qin , Zhuo Chen , Xiaohui Fan , Huajun Chen

Protein language models (PLMs) learn contextual representations from protein sequences and are profoundly impacting various scientific disciplines spanning protein design, drug discovery, and structural predictions. One particular research…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-07 Andreas Dounas , Tudor-Stefan Cotet , Alexander Yermanos

Material scientists are increasingly adopting the use of machine learning (ML) for making potentially important decisions, such as, discovery, development, optimization, synthesis and characterization of materials. However, despite ML's…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-03-12 Bhavya Kailkhura , Brian Gallagher , Sookyung Kim , Anna Hiszpanski , T. Yong-Jin Han

Every molecule ever synthesised can be drawn as a 2D skeletal diagram, yet in modern property prediction this universally available representation has received less focus in favour of molecular graphs, 3D conformers, or billion-parameter…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Aaditya Baranwal , Akshaj Gupta , Shruti Vyas , Yogesh S Rawat

Deep learning has been a prevalence in computational chemistry and widely implemented in molecule property predictions. Recently, self-supervised learning (SSL), especially contrastive learning (CL), gathers growing attention for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Yuyang Wang , Rishikesh Magar , Chen Liang , Amir Barati Farimani

Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in learning representations for molecules, which is crucial for various biochemical applications, ranging from property prediction to drug design. However, training Deep Neural Networks (DNNs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Jun Xia , Yanqiao Zhu , Yuanqi Du , Stan Z. Li

Machine learning offers promising tools to develop surrogate models for polymer structure-property relations. Surrogate models can be built upon existing polymer data and are useful for rapidly predicting the properties of unknown polymers.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2023-08-22 Agrim Babbar , Sriram Ragunathan , Debirupa Mitra , Arnab Dutta , Tarak. K Patra

Machine learning is becoming a preferred method for the virtual screening of organic materials due to its cost-effectiveness over traditional computationally demanding techniques. However, the scarcity of labeled data for organic materials…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-03-06 Chengwei Zhang , Yushuang Zhai , Ziyang Gong , Hongliang Duan , Yuan-Bin She , Yun-Fang Yang , An Su

Deep learning in computational biochemistry has traditionally focused on molecular graphs neural representations; however, recent advances in language models highlight how much scientific knowledge is encoded in text. To bridge these two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Romain Lacombe , Andrew Gaut , Jeff He , David Lüdeke , Kateryna Pistunova

Chemical structure extraction from documents remains a hard problem due to both false positive identification of structures during segmentation and errors in the predicted structures. Current approaches rely on handcrafted rules and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-15 Joshua Staker , Kyle Marshall , Robert Abel , Carolyn McQuaw

Molecular Relational Learning (MRL) is widely applied in natural sciences to predict relationships between molecular pairs by extracting structural features. The representational similarity between substructure pairs determines the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Peiliang Zhang , Jingling Yuan , Qing Xie , Yongjun Zhu , Lin Li

We present $\textbf{MolT5}$ $-$ a self-supervised learning framework for pretraining models on a vast amount of unlabeled natural language text and molecule strings. $\textbf{MolT5}$ allows for new, useful, and challenging analogs of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Carl Edwards , Tuan Lai , Kevin Ros , Garrett Honke , Kyunghyun Cho , Heng Ji

The predictive accuracy of Machine Learning (ML) models of molecular properties depends on the choice of the molecular representation. Based on the postulates of quantum mechanics, we introduce a hierarchy of representations which meet…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2016-11-23 Bing Huang , O. Anatole von Lilienfeld

Capturing molecular knowledge with representation learning approaches holds significant potential in vast scientific fields such as chemistry and life science. An effective and generalizable molecular representation is expected to capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Yizhen Luo , Kai Yang , Massimo Hong , Xing Yi Liu , Zikun Nie , Hao Zhou , Zaiqing Nie

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to support scientific discovery. In chemistry, tasks such as reaction prediction and structure elucidation require reasoning about the structures of molecules. As such, LLM-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Nicholas T. Runcie , Fergus Imrie , Charlotte M. Deane

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have shown great promise in their ability to accelerate novel materials discovery. As researchers and domain scientists seek to unify and consolidate chemical knowledge, the case for models with…

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely applied in drug discovery with a major task as molecular property prediction. Despite booming techniques in molecular representation learning, key elements underlying molecular property…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-09-06 Jianyuan Deng , Zhibo Yang , Hehe Wang , Iwao Ojima , Dimitris Samaras , Fusheng Wang

Designing de-novo molecules with desired property profiles requires efficient exploration of the vast chemical space ranging from $10^{23}$ to $10^{60}$ possible synthesizable candidates. While various deep generative models have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Kamran Chitsaz , Roshan Balaji , Quentin Fournier , Nirav Pravinbhai Bhatt , Sarath Chandar