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Audio tokenization bridges continuous waveforms and multi-track music language models. In dual-track modeling, tokens should preserve three properties at once: high-fidelity reconstruction, strong predictability under a language model, and…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Rui Lin , Zhiyue Wu , Jiahe Le , Kangdi Wang , Weixiong Chen , Junyu Dai , Tao Jiang

Device-guided music transfer adapts playback across unseen devices for users who lack them. Existing methods mainly focus on modifying the timbre, rhythm, harmony, or instrumentation to mimic genres or artists, overlooking the diverse…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Manh Pham Hung , Changshuo Hu , Ting Dang , Dong Ma

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a new approach to machine translation that has made great progress in recent years. However, recent studies show that NMT generally produces fluent but inadequate translations (Tu et al. 2016b; Tu et al.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-02 Xing Wang , Zhengdong Lu , Zhaopeng Tu , Hang Li , Deyi Xiong , Min Zhang

This paper introduces a novel Token-and-Duration Transducer (TDT) architecture for sequence-to-sequence tasks. TDT extends conventional RNN-Transducer architectures by jointly predicting both a token and its duration, i.e. the number of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-31 Hainan Xu , Fei Jia , Somshubra Majumdar , He Huang , Shinji Watanabe , Boris Ginsburg

Ensembling is a well-known technique in neural machine translation (NMT) to improve system performance. Instead of a single neural net, multiple neural nets with the same topology are trained separately, and the decoder generates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-24 Felix Stahlberg , Bill Byrne

Symbolic Music Generation relies on the contextual representation capabilities of the generative model, where the most prevalent approach is the Transformer-based model. The learning of musical context is also related to the structural…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Guowei Wu , Shipei Liu , Xiaoya Fan

In audio processing applications, the generation of expressive sounds based on high-level representations demonstrates a high demand. These representations can be used to manipulate the timbre and influence the synthesis of creative…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Anastasia Natsiou , Luca Longo , Sean O'Leary

Tokenizing music to fit the general framework of language models is a compelling challenge, especially considering the diverse symbolic structures in which music can be represented (e.g., sequences, grids, and graphs). To date, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Lekai Qian , Haoyu Gu , Jingwei Zhao , Ziyu Wang

Discrete representation learning has shown promising results across various domains, including generation and understanding in image, speech and language. Inspired by these advances, we propose MuseTok, a tokenization method for symbolic…

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has become a popular technology in recent years, and the encoder-decoder framework is the mainstream among all the methods. It's obvious that the quality of the semantic representations from encoding is very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Boyuan Pan , Yazheng Yang , Zhou Zhao , Yueting Zhuang , Deng Cai

Beat tracking in musical performance MIDI is a challenging and important task for notation-level music transcription and rhythmical analysis, yet existing methods primarily focus on audio-based approaches. This paper proposes an end-to-end…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Sebastian Murgul , Michael Heizmann

We consider the problem of learning high-level controls over the global structure of generated sequences, particularly in the context of symbolic music generation with complex language models. In this work, we present the Transformer…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Kristy Choi , Curtis Hawthorne , Ian Simon , Monica Dinculescu , Jesse Engel

In recent years, researchers combine both audio and video signals to deal with challenges where actions are not well represented or captured by visual cues. However, how to effectively leverage the two modalities is still under development.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Wentao Zhu

Pitch and meter are two fundamental music features for symbolic music generation tasks, where researchers usually choose different encoding methods depending on specific goals. However, the advantages and drawbacks of different encoding…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Yuqiang Li , Shengchen Li , George Fazekas

We introduce multi-modal, attention-based neural machine translation (NMT) models which incorporate visual features into different parts of both the encoder and the decoder. We utilise global image features extracted using a pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-24 Iacer Calixto , Qun Liu , Nick Campbell

Transformers have drawn attention in the MIR field for their remarkable performance shown in natural language processing and computer vision. However, prior works in the audio processing domain mostly use Transformer as a temporal feature…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Wei-Tsung Lu , Ju-Chiang Wang , Minz Won , Keunwoo Choi , Xuchen Song

Music relies heavily on repetition to build structure and meaning. Self-reference occurs on multiple timescales, from motifs to phrases to reusing of entire sections of music, such as in pieces with ABA structure. The Transformer (Vaswani…

We propose and evaluate a novel procedure for training multiple Transformers with tied parameters which compresses multiple models into one enabling the dynamic choice of the number of encoder and decoder layers during decoding. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Raj Dabre , Raphael Rubino , Atsushi Fujita

Advanced neural machine translation (NMT) models generally implement encoder and decoder as multiple layers, which allows systems to model complex functions and capture complicated linguistic structures. However, only the top layers of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-25 Zi-Yi Dou , Zhaopeng Tu , Xing Wang , Shuming Shi , Tong Zhang

In Transformer-based neural machine translation (NMT), the positional encoding mechanism helps the self-attention networks to learn the source representation with order dependency, which makes the Transformer-based NMT achieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Kehai Chen , Rui Wang , Masao Utiyama , Eiichiro Sumita