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Whole slide image (WSI) classification often relies on deep weakly supervised multiple instance learning (MIL) methods to handle gigapixel resolution images and slide-level labels. Yet the decent performance of deep learning comes from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Jiawei Yang , Hanbo Chen , Yu Zhao , Fan Yang , Yao Zhang , Lei He , Jianhua Yao

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become the leading approach for extracting discriminative features from whole slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology. Attention-based MIL methods can identify key patches but tend to overlook…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Lubin Gan , Xiaoman Wu , Jing Zhang , Zhifeng Wang , Linhao Qu , Siying Wu , Xiaoyan Sun

Fine-grained classification of whole slide images (WSIs) is essential in precision oncology, enabling precise cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. The core of this task involves distinguishing subtle morphological…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Cheng Jin , Luyang Luo , Huangjing Lin , Jun Hou , Hao Chen

In many histopathology tasks, sample classification depends on morphological details in tissue or single cells that are only visible at the highest magnification. For a pathologist, this implies tedious zooming in and out, while for a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Ario Sadafi , Nassir Navab , Carsten Marr

Multiple instance learning (MIL) models have achieved remarkable success in analyzing whole slide images (WSIs) for disease classification problems. However, with regard to gigapixel WSI classification problems, current MIL models are often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Whole slide images (WSIs) are the gold standard for pathological diagnosis and sub-typing. Current main-stream two-step frameworks employ offline feature encoders trained without domain-specific knowledge. Among them, attention-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mingrui Ma , Chentao Li , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Whole slide image (WSI) classification requires repetitive zoom-in and out for pathologists, as only small portions of the slide may be relevant to detecting cancer. Due to the lack of patch-level labels, multiple instance learning (MIL) is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Seongho Keum , Sanghyun Kim , Soojeong Lee , Juho Lee

Deep learning methods such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are difficult to directly utilize to analyze whole slide images (WSIs) due to the large image dimensions. We overcome this limitation by proposing a novel two-stage…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-15 Shivam Kalra , Mohammed Adnan , Sobhan Hemati , Taher Dehkharghanian , Shahryar Rahnamayan , Hamid Tizhoosh

In this paper, we address the challenge of few-shot classification in histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) by utilizing foundational vision-language models (VLMs) and slide-level prompt learning. Given the gigapixel scale of WSIs,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Devavrat Tomar , Guillaume Vray , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Sudipta Roy , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Behzad Bozorgtabar

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the preferred approach for whole slide image classification. However, most MIL approaches do not exploit the interdependencies of tiles extracted from a whole slide image, which could provide valuable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Marvin Lerousseau , Maria Vakalopoulou , Eric Deutsch , Nikos Paragios

Classification of gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) is an important prediction task in the emerging area of computational pathology. There has been a surge of research in deep learning models for WSI classification with clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Sajid Javed , Arif Mahmood , Talha Qaiser , Naoufel Werghi , Nasir Rajpoot

Analyzing high resolution whole slide images (WSIs) with regard to information across multiple scales poses a significant challenge in digital pathology. Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a common solution for working with high resolution…

Whole slide image (WSI) assessment is a challenging and crucial step in cancer diagnosis and treatment planning. WSIs require high magnifications to facilitate sub-cellular analysis. Precise annotations for patch- or even pixel-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Simon Holdenried-Krafft , Peter Somers , Ivonne A. Montes-Majarro , Diana Silimon , Cristina Tarín , Falko Fend , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

Traditional image-based survival prediction models rely on discriminative patch labeling which make those methods not scalable to extend to large datasets. Recent studies have shown Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) framework is useful for…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-24 Jiawen Yao , Xinliang Zhu , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Nicholas Hawkins , Junzhou Huang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) plays a significant role in computational pathology, enabling weakly supervised analysis of Whole Slide Image (WSI) datasets. The field of WSI analysis is confronted with a severe long-tailed distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xitong Ling , Yifeng Ping , Jiawen Li , Jing Peng , Yuxuan Chen , Minxi Ouyang , Yizhi Wang , Yonghong He , Tian Guan , Xiaoping Liu , Lianghui Zhu

Multiple instance learning (MIL)-based framework has become the mainstream for processing the whole slide image (WSI) with giga-pixel size and hierarchical image context in digital pathology. However, these methods heavily depend on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Jiangbo Shi , Chen Li , Tieliang Gong , Yefeng Zheng , Huazhu Fu

Whole-slide images (WSIs) are an important data modality in computational pathology, yet their gigapixel resolution and lack of fine-grained annotations challenge conventional deep learning models. Multiple instance learning (MIL) offers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Qian Zeng , Yihui Wang , Shu Yang , Yingxue Xu , Fengtao Zhou , Jiabo Ma , Dejia Cai , Zhengyu Zhang , Lijuan Qu , Yu Wang , Li Liang , Hao Chen

Representation learning of pathology whole-slide images (WSIs) has primarily relied on weak supervision with Multiple Instance Learning (MIL). This approach leads to slide representations highly tailored to a specific clinical task.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Tim Lenz , Peter Neidlinger , Marta Ligero , Georg Wölflein , Marko van Treeck , Jakob Nikolas Kather

Learning good representation of giga-pixel level whole slide pathology images (WSI) for downstream tasks is critical. Previous studies employ multiple instance learning (MIL) to represent WSIs as bags of sampled patches because, for most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Chunyuan Li , Xinliang Zhu , Jiawen Yao , Junzhou Huang

Machine learning models have become integral to many fields, but their reliability, defined as producing dependable, trustworthy, and domain-consistent predictions, remains a critical concern. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Marc Aubreville , Christof A. Bertram , Josien P. W. Pluim , Mitko Veta